Malapportionment is deeply contested in the “first-past-the-post” election system because it violates the fundamental democratic principle of “one person, one vote” (OPOV). Malapportionment is the incongruence between a state’s share of the national population and its share in the national legislature. In India, the population per Lok Sabha constituency is 3.24 million, 3.17 lakh, and 3.02 million in Rajasthan, Bihar, and Haryana, respectively, as per the 2023 population estimates (UIAI 2023).