Traditional methods, such as topical or systemic antibiotic administration, may not be effective in preventing colonization, even though it is a major cause of failure and clinical complications for load-bearing metallic orthopedic implants. This is especially true in the case of secondary infection, which frequently necessitates surgical removal of the implants and, in extreme cases, even limb amputation.

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, Stuartb Goodman , Susmita Bose , Amit Bandyopadhyay , Indranath Mitra , Megan Craig , Sushant Ciliveri , Josed Avila , William Dernell , World Health Organization , International Journal Of Extreme Manufacturing , Washington State University , International Journal , Study First , Corresponding Author , Boeing Distinguished Professorship , Washington State , Advanced Materials Show ,