The. The human race has been building huge stone structures for age. What are the origins of the structure . What were the circular constructions used for the many of these structures were sealed up thousands of years ago by the people who built the but in some cases, wind and waves wore away. That protective covering overtime. The the structures are called nicholas. You could call them gigantic works of art meetings in one of my daughters stand on black. They would build long before the parents need another technical and logistical, most of cases that push the limits of human imagination. The large stone structures like these were built in many places around the world. For example, in the far north of scotland, youll find ancient constructions that are older than stonehenge. The every lump and bump that you see could be a new off you electrical sites. Here, particularly during the planning season, your sites are discovered by farmers. These discoveries outline an important chapter in human history. The until about 12000 years ago, our ancestors were hunters and gatherers. Then the reversible transition to a new way of life got underway. To fix the form of deployed a transition from hunting and gathering to 730 farming was the key development. I may try to send me for millions of years. People have lived by home to him gathering in the season and suddenly their lives change radically much more so than during the transition to industrialization for the digital age. This is good, but li, typically a small hill and South Eastern Turkey here and she knew to us on the sort of land its that society had such a long history and it, some aspects of it was familiar to us as of yet. The old hoyt is an aggressive lion, for example, it was just as much a threat to the people who failed to give a key as it is to us today. But the rest of the 1st time, the for those who live near the side, a parallel superNatural World was part of everyday life. The. This crane may have symbolized the connection between new york and the heavens. Beatles and snakes for important nipple, logical symbols in many cultures the there seem to have been few barriers between the Natural World and the supernatural. The teams of archaeologists from germany and turkey have only excavated a fraction of the site, but theyve determined that this period of mysticism was relatively short lived in fish thats good added. A Research Indicates that the early generations of sedentary societies kept covering up the site and ceiling them shot again, so that they could no longer be used or damage the system and practice notes then, so that these sites were preserved in the collective memory of society. For a very long time, you know that there are good reasons why give a key lay abandoned for thousands of years. Read the notes about what perhaps the 1st farmers wanted to distance themselves from the practices of their ancestors. Good beckley had lost its original meaning. People had become sedentary, [000 00 00;00] the, the director of the state museum of pre history and holler pop of miller says this was a major turning point in human history. Did you move it . So this new lead to comes is it was really decisive it. So the dimensions here, we have nearly 4000 ex heads from the neolithic period. So its a that its housing opportunity thats basically used to access the clear forest wouldnt be to create farmland, wouldnt be built up to host. They also use them to split wouldnt beans, which would then use to build complex housing, this novel as construction of housing. So that was a key element in the transition to 7 to rely on and didnt dimensions on the dimension. Wouldnt get soft hunters and gatherers. Also stayed in one place for extended periods, provided that they could find enough food. But the changes that took place and then the olympic period for revolutionary. This is of the item this mentioned, this is this cause the depends vision to set in 3 life was that he develop side and be sued by thousands of years. People had to live at home to gather a natural way of like food, peace, enough to defend themselves in a natural way as well. And be able to advise if we had relatively few children exposed because the women did not become pregnant. While they were Breast Feeding via, via but all that changed radically with the development of agriculture, with the if it goes back to the home to people still change their diet. Theyre done in the 60 and the them brain now provided carbohydrates and domesticated animals, provided meat and fat. Well this fits that my husband fits on that increased the fat content in the body or thats also the women became pregnant, more often and disliked to a population explosion just as youll get. So that in turn meant that people had to live together in smaller spaces and houses, settlements, and villages. The, the work of archaeologists is often like trying to solve a puzzle. They carefully dig of artifacts that belong to a specific society. And then try to recreate an image of what that society was like. Some objects, like these charts of decorated pottery, have let their names to entire cultures. For example, the linear pottery culture, which coincides with the 1st appearance of food producing societies, the burial sites are often which sources of information for archaeologists. Not just human remains, but various items that were buried with the deceased. For example, an expert can determine whether a person was buried properly. If not, animals may have gotten into the grave into the bones. The re attached to the nicholas is the director of the archaeological Biology Department at viennas museum of natural history. She says you can learn a lot from skeletons. We are going on to some method. For example, weve confirmed the victim of deficiencies on stress symptoms in some remains. And that helps us to reconstruct what people age and other aspects of daily life phone. I mean, we found the evidence of anemia in the upper reaches of ice. So can see my weve seen evidence of this. Im in c deficiencies in the l zillow. Ridges and the other boat informations as i dock. If we analyze this evidence systematically, its and we can extrapolate it to the entire population and try to reconstruct specific living and working conditions. The archaeologist always tried to determine the age of artifacts. The development of radio carbon dating was a major step forward in this process. Over the last 20 years, genetic analysis has also provided important evidence experts, canal examine human and animal dna. That is several 1000 years old. The anthropologist came to a guy says that genetic analysis of live stock can provide information on the migration patterns of neil isic farmers. The i let us know, it does look like we did the very 1st test because on the domestic kind of madison and determinant that old European Capital had descended from uranium capital and to say, i looked at it today. Thats why those animals i found in switzerland or east fries, you know, somewhere or the but they originally came from antonia and the middle east for food. And then we thought perhaps we can apply that hypothesis to the migration of nearly things people to see and whats in the photos. I dont the 10 years of research, we are able to determine that these people from antonia, especially northwest anatolia, are indeed the ancestors of all european neolithic people in avenues not listen, not to info if on the hood legal page newly because its difficult to find well preserved genetic material from this period in warm environments, bones became more quickly and with them the genetic evidence. Another problem is that sometimes older genetic material has been contaminated by newer material which produces inaccurate results. Still, archaeologists have come up with some interesting findings the time to get almost on a loose and from genetic analysis, some skeletons from northwest kentucky. Specifically, an area of south wisdom both supported. It shows that nearly the people in modern days, german and spains o, where descended from an ancient people that we called a g 5. And these a, as an ag, there is evidence now that the migraines set back time highest used both the mediterranean robinson and ultimately some school, the kind of farming people spread rapidly throughout europe over several 100 years, but not in an organized way. This Research Facility is located in tune in australia, where we attached to nicola, and our colleague thomas pro husk are using analytical chemistry to try to determine the migration patterns of ancient peoples. Give me just try and do you think its times the technology we have today as incomparably batch. And then it was 20 years ago. We can use invasive and non invasive methods plus isotope analysis, which has been widely used to down to apology for about 15 years. To track prehistoric migration password is equal in what is it into a clue in the play store and asked to 14 here for has examined to to thats about 5000 years old. Tooth enamel does not change over the course of a persons life. So scientists can tell from its composition where people grew up of the same technologies is used to determine the place of origin of some modern day foods. The place of origin can always be clearly determined whether implants, animals, or humans implant tvs as soon as we can now use these data to confirm a definite path of migration fuel and not just a transfer of ideas wants to seek deval me in effect, weve been able to track the colonization of your audience and from our hope record, and see that the there are few traces of europes original residents, the hunters and gatherers who lived there for thousands of years. They were probably displaced by the new settlers or absorbed into a new societies. At this point, europe had been settled by migrants from the middle east. But what prompted them to move into this New Territory . To go to the bottom diminished of under this, ill give you a lesson. Its hard to say. I dont think it had anything to do with the overpopulation. This is not at that point in time and population density was low compared to what it is today. Nearly some people may simply have heard about this region and decided to go there. Perhaps some groups had been there and came back and spread the word contracts if i can only speculate. But i think one reason may have been simple human curiosity to sign a degree of divisions on this. The hunters and gatherers eventually learned to travel by sea later, some of the sudden terry farmers also use boats to travel west. We dont know whether they used to sail boats or rolling books, or in any case, rolling boats were easier to maneuver the these migraine spread gradually to mediterranean islands, including one that today is known as malta. Of the republic of malta actually consists of 3 inhabited islands malta itself, plus camino, and goes though, and several smaller islands that are uninhabited. Mazda is located approximately 80 kilometers selves of sicily. On a clear day, one can see sicily from gold, so likewise, one can see gold, so from subsidies. So one must assume that the was a degree of curiosity and the people from system vs wondering us to what this land was definitely slightly beyond the horizon. However, its, its, its, its hard to grasp why people would decides to leave such a foot side island, the system, the, and in order to occupy and call the noise somewhere that was far away. The, the 1st to arrive were probably explores, perhaps then followed by their families. About 2000 years later, some of the residents started building temples the, the origins of these monumental structures are still shrouded in mystery. To some of these limestone blocks, way up to 20 tons, they could turn to dust before we find out more about the timmy gunman, a marine archaeologist at the university of mazda is trying to preserve the ruins here. Hes photographing some of them the gump and converts the photos to 3 d animated images. This is what the temples might have looked like. But he says hes running out of time to complete his work. Whats incredible is that the rates of erosion has be much fast. The over the past 70 is done. It has been in the past 4500 years. And that is not just because theyve been uncovered. But because you have aspects such as i said, the rain for the ocean Carbon Monoxide and so on, the extra to accelerate. So its not just the periods of time since theyve been uncovered. But since youve got all these modern budgets ends, this is really accelerating the rate of the ocean. The. This is the hush, our team temple complex. On the main island. Its a major tourist attraction. The canopy is designed to protect aside from the elements and slow the process of erosion. The, you know these temples on a 1000 years older than stonehenge which for a country thats a colony of britain. This becomes a big thing. All of a sudden our neil this eric is a 1000 years older than the people thats ruling us. You know . So this is, this is old. So this is what i mean about the political, the fact that the, these structures come to play the but why did people build these structures . The we humans, once a comes to life, we once looked to be hungry enough to be 6. And the way to do it was to make sure that the gods were, was smiling up on you. And one way to make the gods smile upon you must have been monuments in the wrong this is what the site looks like without the canopy. We can now we construct how the temple mightve looked in its original form. But we can only speculate about its actual purpose. And what sorts of rituals might have been carried out there who was allowed to enter the inner sanctum and who was not. There is a Clear Division between the inside space and the outdoor space. The temple is built covered over it is the rhythm of the priest, the priest. This is the old site, is open to the elements and the rhythm of the common people. This vision is clearly thoughts of the design of the temples. The, the interior of the temple is hidden from the outside world. Was this he in the stone may have been used by an oracle. It provides a connection to the temple interior. What was sacred to the local residents at that time . What god did they worship . If any, did they have sacrificial rituals . We can only speculate. The site leaves many questions unanswered. The temples of malta were used for about 2000 years and then they were abandoned. Why did that happen . Are you talking d moment last time . And this is very typical of previous norton cultures was that they were not able to achieve read of the cycle consistencies we had. No, we said that this traditional suspect could be passed down from generation to generation like written records across the precincts or a line of hereditary lots. And those are key elements and culture and develop prehistory culture that did not have these elements didnt last long, would need the some of the farming peoples who sailed towards the central and western europe. Travelled as far as what is now spain and portugal and the britain the peninsula. In modern day, france, the rocky coast line provided Building Materials for these new settlers. The they created a new society at the dawn of the neal looks like age a society that remains a mystery to this day. The. The temple that were built in malta are unique to that island. Just as these rows of Standing Stones are to the village of conduct on brittany, south coast, the, the legacy of these and other structures has been preserved in one of the regional languages. Brett, the word meant here means long stove. Dolman means stone table. It describes a specific kind of grade. Its impossible to accurately translate these words into other languages. Experts have tried to solve the mystery of the Standing Stones in vain says costa, is an archaeologist at the university of not the excuse if the sick spectacular site took us back when you bought the stone. Rosa cannot because where it is mixed up. I found impression on everyone who sees it as it wont come back here. The whole people are strong each to buy the scope and the size of the traditional sort of simply bulk of the mind to a 2nd when you want to indicate some new meaning to the word monumental token even, im ok all this. Good. So kate, let me know more money about 30. 00 to the the rows of stones cover an area of more than 3 kilometers. The site used to be much larger. The, every rock is distinct. In each one could have its own individual, meaning some researchers believe that the stones represent an expression of political power. Others believe that supernatural forces were at work here. Still others simply see, roll upon roll of grave stones the this and by enough to stick to the regional or local design, we dont know weve already paid by model, but you really can call it kind of this architecture. It wont actually take to the, the rows of stones extended from the coast into the interior. Perhaps they indicated a pathway of some sort. If so, where did it lead . Still obviously that im still the one thing is clear because, and this applies the wall megalithic structures system, but its a secret construction that involves the landscape and the living space. This is supposed to be where you can see that in the rows of stones and theyre linked to a sacred site. To unlock the megalithic sites are found a mini mediterranean islands and along the Atlantic Coast as far north as britain the they were also built along the north sea and the baltic sea coast. But there are none of these sites in modern day hungry, austria or southern germany, that is places where migrants traveled over land. Whats the explanation for that the so about the new look to goods and as these new elliptic peterson essential anatolia, they experienced a shop reduction in cultural diversity. Introducing old they were farmers. When they arrived in europe, i think traveled along the balkan route. They lost their connection to their previous society, including the construction of lodge monument since the whole day became highly specialized farmers and now and they were very good at it to see it. But it was not a life that was rich and culture. The only thing is the only relational smoke of the migrations from the federal aggression to austria continued for nearly 5000 years and up some stores and data the in many parts of europe, receding ice age, glaciers left behind lots of boulders. The neolithic migrants found large areas of fertile top soil and what is now eastern austria. But there werent a lot of large rocks that could be used for construction. So they use other materials. In the 1980s, researchers who were analyzing aerial photographs, discovered circular shapes in the soil and austrias daniel region. This was definitely something worth looking into the booth in the us, and it gave me something new for me. And then we can just look obvious, like those as an aerial photos. Lets the excavations and they found these huge monuments that were more than 16000 years old will for you, i think, okay, ill just wonder what theyve been used for and for this class. And there was a lot of discussion about it back in the 1980 of it on your phone and phone call of all sorts of possible explanations. Communist everything from 4 and the same to meeting places to temple fell from a capital pence to play that he owns a lift, kite, and kick in here archaeologist use radar to scan the area to get an idea of what sort of structures might have been built here, fences ditches or entry ways archaeologist involve gung noise. Bella has used this equipment to investigate sites around the world. The, for example, north our was able to prove it. Stonehenge, perhaps the worlds most famous prehistoric monument, was originally made of wood. The ve circular shapes can be seen from the air only at certain times of the year, provided that theyve not been covered up by blowing soil. The noise of our found a total of 40 circular digits in the vine funeral region of northeastern austria in 2005 archeologist and both guns lopez there and his team reconstructed one of these ditches near the town of hilton beg. They used stone tools and the same materials that would have been available during the stone age, including would bone and plant fibers. But its the stone structures that tell us the most about our ancient ancestors. On the north sea island of silt, for example. There are more than 500. 00 burial sites made of stone. The number of neil if it twos can also be found on the northern german mainland and in denmark, archaeologists continued to excavate and analyze some of these sites. The, these large stone tombs were often used for centuries, the teeth and megan, its clay about this one. These neglected to give people a sense of identity impacted. The local residents perform their which of the day that i could visit and help them to reaffirm their existence in is in. So these sites really did help to shape society. At that time. In the atlanta of crude, you mentioned the, the stomach stuff, the burial practices can tell us a lot about a given society and its people. The me i need to tell you by the income they make it look at the peoples use common burial sites. You might be that, but this little evidence of individual grades on the t, it says though that he ceased lost their identity. During the early meal list of periods, the focus was on the community, not the individual. Those who could contribute substantially to the community were held in high regard. Over time, our ancestors began to create high quality, elaborately design ceramics. This beautifully decorated bowl was found in a grave dare looters than in the eastern german state of saxony on hold. Items such as these and burial practices in general can tell us much about society, including the status of women. I still dont, thats what i am nearly, weve observed, no major differences in the way that the man last name is buried near elliptic societies. But im not there, in many cases, women were given burials that with just as elaborate as both from men who do i and sometimes even most oh for them. And most of that i have their stuff thats the but didnt neil, i think burial objects really indicate the status of women and society. The stone constructions, represent spiritual immortality. That is, the deceased will be remembered forever. The sign isnt to be the key element in reconstructing ancient architecture, whether its temple buildings on tuesday, august, dont dont think it last time. Constructively, structures had been made of wood. We would have found very few remains of all. We could only speculate as how last the structure had been gone. Blocks really gave us an idea of what it was like in prehistoric times in pace pollution side the theres an amazing variety of neil lifting structures in the organ. The islands off the northeastern coast of scotland. Excavation work began at this site in 2002 led by archeologist nic card the i think what were seeing today is just really great. Since the iceberg of what we see a 5 sized some years ago. I roll. Hes a drawing so these one different upstanding monuments great, provides the last 10 years. The university of highlands in islands highs in box on a large scale to your physical programs. All 5 survey arriving these monuments see what else was potentially here. And what weve discovered is it, the landscape which fails as monuments, excavations have yielded evidence of sites that were used by colds, as well as settlements and graves. The concentration of nearly 6 structures on the island is extensive. This is the maze o burial sites the, the Standing Stones extend this form one of the oldest circular structures in britain. The 150 meters away are the remains at the barn house settlement. The entrance to the narrow headland is guarded by a 5. 6 meter high. Mama lift called the watch stone. Further along, we find vanessa broad. Gar, a major settlement that included houses, a huge stone wall. And even a neil lifted version of a cathedral archaeologist have discovered other in the olympic structures that lie directly on the coast. The this settlement includes some small stone houses. Much of the excavation size has been covered to protect the masonry from the elements. No visitors are allowed only nick card and his team the people, but its really no different from ourselves. What you see here in the house is everything that youd expect really important, a house that are the like to stay in the water. The flat construction protects the structure against stormy weather. The grass roof provides warm people at a decent life. Here. As far as we know, there were no Armed Conflicts or other serious existential threats. At the time the, the local forest were more widespread and neil looked at the time. And the climate was relatively mild. Thanks to the influence of the gulf stream. The conditions were ideal for growing crops and raising live stock. And they were also plentiful supplies of fish. Realistic is it all we had to kind of predominance amongst many of the areas find what well find is that theres material in drawing to break from right the way across person. But equally a lot of the ideas would seem to dominate the tree history of britain seem to have originated in your new islands the was the stone circle of orkney, a model for similar structures throughout britain. The meanwhile, archaeologists have been able to precisely determine neal links like migration patterns all they need to carry out a comprehensive analysis or a few bones ortiz, the contain traces of dna. The. This is the same method that prove that central europeans were defended from the people of anatolia. The researchers also came up with another surprising discovery united flight and split wood. They examined genetic material found in what is now around. That is the hot and then the 3rd child crescent and they found a break and the migration pension for approximately between west then he ran and west and anatolia of police. These, the population groups have become so diverse that soon there are indications that they may have split up between 50 and 70000 years ago, 1000 the following the migration of anatomically modern humans from africa, both major groups became sedentary from the land and built houses. Okay. Of course of the populations made the transition to sedentary culture in both europe and asia at about the same time. But of course, independently of one another. The megalithic structures can be found throughout asia, and especially in korea, the constellations, the patterns of stars, play an Important Role inquiry and mythology. A well into modern times. It was not unusual to find images of constellations engraved on head stones. But its not always easy to determine the precise age of these relics. The neolithic age appears to have been a relatively peaceful period in human history. Archaeologists have found no evidence of Armed Conflict during this time. The. The neolithic period in europe came to an end around 2000 b. C. When it gave way to the bronze age the, the stone structures remained. Of course. Today, some of them served as road markers. Others took on a christian book. Churches were built a top burial grounds and some stone monuments simply faded into the local background. In the olympic times, temple served the same purpose as mos synagogues and churches do. Today. This period solve the development of communities where people lived in small settlements, raised their families, intended their crops and livestock. I did it and the means to and is newly. These music elements still shape a Society Today . Me as you sometimes move in, we think the of the a co africa the lagoon and then the goal is a power apply a diversity dr. Sensitive ecosystem is threatened by as efficient as climate change. Now the government, numerous initiative, our clients increase protection. Correct result. After 1030 minutes, d w, the, the, the, the, the is, it is supple is power and key more people than ever on the move world wide and such are based on life for the guy successive in cardboard, thats on the left side of the image and find out about bailey story. Info, migraines, fast fashion as an environmental 9, a clothing graveyard image of land desert. This is where things wealthy industrial nations no longer need and lightest textile waste gets stranded. Fashion, watching on youtube, the. This is dw new years, live it from berlin to un security council, adopt a resolution to boost badly needed aid to gaza. The vote was 13. 00 to 0. The us and russia of state. The resolution does not call for a false. And the finding between is real and how marks also coming up humanitarian groups say, a quarter of guns. This population is starving. Thats more than half a 1000000 people plus of the Czech Republic in morning after the deadliest mass shooting in the countrys history. Police a student went on a rampage at