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Fossils offer a detailed record of early human skulls but not the brains inside them.
So researchers have been using genetic material taken from those fossils to search for clues about how the human brain has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years.
And now they have succeeded in growing human brain organoids, or minibrains, that contain the Neanderthal variant of a gene called NOVA1, a team reports in the journal
Science. The archaic version of the gene changes the shape of these organoids, says Alysson Muotri, a professor at the University of California, San Diego and the Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine. Instead of growing into a sphere with a smooth surface, he says, the Neanderthal organoids have an outermost layer that is uneven.
Lab-grown brainlike organoids altered with an ancient gene began to look and behave differently. The experiments help show how the human brain has evolved.