Tennessee last year spent $48 million on a single drug, Humira about $62,000 for each of the 775 patients who were covered by its employee health insurance program and receiving the treatment.
The concomitant occurrence of tissue growth and organization is a hallmark of organismal development1–3. This often means that proliferating and differentiating cells are found at the same time in a continuously changing tissue environment. How cells adapt to architectural changes to prevent spatial interference remains unclear. Here, to understand how cell movements that are key for growth and organization are orchestrated, we study the emergence of photoreceptor neurons that occur during the peak of retinal growth, using zebrafish, human tissue and human organoids. Quantitative imaging reveals that successful retinal morphogenesis depends on the active bidirectional translocation of photoreceptors, leading to a transient transfer of the entire cell population away from the apical proliferative zone. This pattern of migration is driven by cytoskeletal machineries that differ depending on the direction: microtubules are exclusively required for basal translocation, whereas actomy
Engineers have developed nanoscale tattoos-;dots and wires that adhere to live cells-;in a breakthrough that puts researchers one step closer to tracking the health of individual cells.
Biofabrication or 3D bioprinting aims to create tissue constructs for numerous applications including animal free testing, drug screening and regenerative medicine.