With advanced resolutions reaching sub-angstrom levels, electron microscopy provides direct visualizations of catalyst particles, support structures, and pores that complement spectroscopic and diffraction methods. When integrated with elemental analysis techniques, a comprehensive picture of catalytic systems can be built up from the microscopic level.
Atomic force microscopy's (AFM) nanoscale imaging and measurement capabilities allow researchers to gain molecular-level insights into membrane morphology, fouling, surface interactions, and performance under simulated water treatment conditions. These unique capabilities make AFM instrumental in understanding and optimizing the membranes and barriers central to water purification technologies.
Crystallography provides insight into the structure and properties of materials at the atomic level. While X-ray diffraction has traditionally dominated crystallography, Raman spectroscopy is now emerging as a powerful complementary tool for studying crystalline systems and advancing our understanding of materials.
As space missions generate exponentially more data and commercial activity in space, we are reaching the limits of what radio can handle. As a result, engineers are now looking to harness the power of laser beams, offering a solution to the growing demands of space communication.
Green lasers have undeniably elevated the capabilities of LiDAR technology, enabling precise and efficient 3D mapping of our surroundings. Their enhanced visibility, compatibility with silicon-based detectors, and versatility have positioned them as a driving force behind the rapid proliferation of LiDAR across industries.
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has become an indispensable characterization technique for analyzing the surface chemistry of thin films and coatings. With its ability to probe just the top few nanometers and reveal elemental composition, chemical bonding, and electronic structure, XPS provides unparalleled insights into how surface and interface properties determine film performance.