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 E-Mail IMAGE: Photograph of a skeleton of the early non-mammalian synapsid (ancient mammal relative) Edaphosaurus on display at the Field Museum of Natural History. view more  Credit: Photograph by Ken Angielczyk The backbone is the Swiss Army Knife of mammal locomotion. It can function in all sorts of ways that allows living mammals to have remarkable diversity in their movements. They can run, swim, climb and fly all due, in part, to the extensive reorganization of their vertebral column, which occurred over roughly 320 million years of evolution. Open any anatomy textbook and you ll find the long-standing hypothesis that the evolution of the mammal backbone, which is uniquely capable of sagittal (up and down) movements, evolved from a backbone that functioned similar to that of living reptiles, which move laterally (side-to-side). This so called lateral-to-sagittal transition was based entirely on superficial similarities between non-mammalian synapsids, the exti

South africaUnited statesUnited kingdomThomasd cabotKen angielczykBlake dicksonKatrinae jonesKennethd angielczykDepartment of organismicSwiss army knifeField museum of natural historyUniversity of manchesterMuseum of comparative zoologyDepartment of evolutionary anthropology at duke universityMuseum of comparative zoology at harvard universityHarvard university