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Sanctions are now a central tool of governments foreign policy

WhatsApp IN 2016 JACK LEW, America’s then treasury secretary, reflected on how his country had, over decades, “refined our capacity to apply sanctions effectively”. But he also gave a warning: overuse “could undermine our leadership position within the global economy, and the effectiveness of our sanctions themselves”. If the message was “proceed with caution”, it was lost on Donald Trump, who became president soon after. The screw was turned against China, Iran, Russia, Venezuela and others. The steady increase in sanctions “proved to be a rare constant” on Mr Trump’s watch, says Adam M. Smith of Gibson Dunn, a law firm. During Mr Trump’s four years in office, the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), which oversees American sanctions programmes, targeted roughly twice as many entities and individuals a year as it had during the two-term presidencies of George W. Bush and Barack Obama (see chart).

Latin American Herald Tribune - Venezuela s CITGO Outlook Stable Says Fitch

Venezuela s CITGO Outlook Stable Says Fitch CHICAGO Fitch Ratings affirmed the Long-Term Issuer Default Rating (IDR) of CITGO Petroleum (Opco) at B and CITGO Holding (Holdco) at CCC+ , Opco s senior secured term loans, notes, and industrial revenue bonds at BB / RR1 , and Holdco s senior secured term loans and bonds at B+ / RR1 . Fitch withdrew the ratings on Opco s $650 million July 2021 term loan, which was repaid earlier. The Rating Outlook was revised to Stable from Negative. The Outlook revision reflects CITGO s improved liquidity and maturity wall along with signs that the pandemic recovery will continue to accelerate.

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