Mutual legal assistance
Information for competent authorities abroad (and in the UK) about obtaining evidence within the UK (or abroad) to assist in criminal investigations or proceedings.
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Mutual legal assistance (
MLA) is a method of cooperation between states for obtaining assistance in the investigation or prosecution of criminal offences.
MLA is generally used for obtaining material that cannot be obtained on a police cooperation basis, particularly enquiries that require coercive means. Requests are made by a formal international Letter of Request (
LOR). In civil law jurisdictions these are also referred to as ‘Commission Rogatoire’. This assistance is usually requested by courts or prosecutors and is also referred to as ‘judicial cooperation’.
European Investigation Orders
European Investigation Orders can no longer be issued to obtain evidence located in the UK or in EU member states for UK investigations.
From: Contents
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The UK left the European Union (EU) on 31 January 2020. After the end of the transition period at 11pm on 31 December 2020, the following no longer apply to the UK:
the European Investigation Order (EIO)
the 2000 Convention and related Protocol on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters
Therefore an EIO can no longer be issued to obtain evidence located in the UK or to obtain evidence located in EU member states for use in UK criminal investigations or proceedings.
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More than 140 countries worldwide including all European countries levy a Value-Added Tax (VAT) on goods and services. As today’s tax map shows, although harmonized to some extent by the European Union (EU), EU member states’ VAT rates vary across countries.
The VAT is a consumption tax assessed on the value added in each production stage of a good or service. Every business along the value chain receives a tax credit for the VAT already paid. The end consumer does not, making it a tax on final consumption.
The EU countries with the highest standard VAT rates are Hungary (27 percent), and Croatia, Denmark, and Sweden (all at 25 percent). Luxembourg levies the lowest standard VAT rate at 17 percent, followed by Malta (18 percent), and Cyprus, Germany, and Romania (all at 19 percent). The EU’s average standard VAT rate is 21 percent, six percentage-points higher than the minimum standard VAT rate required by EU regulation.
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Companies placing hazardous mixtures on the market have
to submit information about these mixtures to specific bodies
appointed by European Union Member States. Poison centers use this
information to give medical advice in case of an
emergency.
The notification requirement, based on Annex VIII to the
Classification, Labelling and Packaging (CLP) Regulation, applies
from 1 January 2021.
The addition of this new Annex VIII relating to harmonized
information relating to emergency health response, implemented in
2017, pursues the objective of harmonizing at the European level
the information to be provided and the format for notifying