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Sea levels are predicted to rise and an increase in extreme weather events is predicted to make the task of maintaining adequate defences against coastal flooding and erosion even harder. Beaches will continue to play an important role as barriers to flooding and erosion. Their maintenance and improvement will take a substantial proportion of the expenditure on coastal defences.
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Background
The Rock Manual was originally published in 1991 by CIRIA (Construction Industry Research and Information Association) and CUR (the Netherlands Centre for Civil Engineering Research and Codes). It described the use of rock in coastal and shoreline engineering. It was updated in 1995 by CUR to include the use of rock in dams and fluvial engineering. Since then, significant research has been carried out to develop our understanding of how rock behaves and to determine improved practices for hydraulic engineering.
Water cycle studies
Find out when to prepare a water cycle study for your proposed development plan document, or development, and what to focus on.
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This guidance is for local planning authorities (and their consultants) and developers who are preparing water cycle studies. It sets out what the Environment Agency expects to see in a water cycle study. It complements guidance provided by the Construction Industry Research and Information Association (
Water cycle studies: planning sustainable growth
The National Planning Policy Framework states that strategic policies in development plan documents should make ‘sufficient provision’ for infrastructure for: