The domestic air transport market is mainly serviced by airlines whose fleets are comprised primarily of leased aircraft owned by foreign lessors. According to Peruvian law, local aircraft are those that are registered in the Peruvian public registry, while foreign aircraft are those that are not.
Foreign aircraft may operate in Peru while bearing foreign registration marks (eg, N, C or CC) or obtain provisional local registration marks, but this affects neither the legal definition of the aircraft as foreign nor the title to the assets.
It is in the best interests of domestic operators, as lessees, that aircraft leases are duly and promptly recorded in the local public registry. This is a requirement for transferring the operator condition and for having the local aviation authority inspect the aircraft.
The Civil Code of Procedure, which has been criticised for sacrificing fundamental rights to achieve accelerated civil proceedings, has finally been amended by the legislature. The new provisions make first-instance litigation more flexible and simpler for both parties. This article examines the most important changes as of 1 January 2021 and whether a fairer balance between form and content has been reached in civil litigation.
According to the latest Webshoppers report, Brazilian e-commerce grew by 47% in the first half of 2020, the highest recorded increase in the past 20 years. There is therefore an increased need to protect trademarks in the digital environment. Engaging online brand protection services can be an effective method of mitigating all forms of trademark abuse online, enabling owners to consistently enforce their brand rights.
In the film industry a lesser-known actor, so to speak, is intellectual property. This article explains the ins and outs of creative rights in the film industry. Film makers must be able to prove that they own all of the rights to every piece of content in their film. If film makers did not originally create something, they will need a document showing that they have authority (usually ownership of all rights, including in particular, copyright) of use and copying.
Introduction
Directors of non-UK-incorporated, non-UK tax resident companies which have some connection with the United Kingdom (eg, UK shareholders) have an important role in ensuring that the company in question does not become UK tax resident.
In the recent case of
HMRC v Development Securities PLC, the Court of Appeal held that a Jersey-incorporated company with a majority of Jersey-based directors was UK resident. Although the facts of the case were unusual, some useful pointers as to what went wrong for the company and how it could have done better can be gleaned from the judgment.
Background
In broad terms, a non-UK-incorporated company is not UK tax resident if its central management and control takes place outside the United Kingdom. The question of how to determine where a company is centrally managed and controlled has been analysed in a series of UK cases stretching back over more than a century. These cases have held that normally a company is resident in the count