Left side European bison / right side American bison.
(Beth Clifton collage)
Wenceslaus, 911-935, left bison alone. Successors alternately hunted & protected them.
BIALOWIEZA FOREST, Poland––European wood bison, also called wisent, at risk of extinction for far longer than their North American cousins, are no longer “vulnerable,” and have accordingly been removed from the “Red List” maintained by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
The century-long recovery of European wood bison from one small Polish herd demonstrates that large land-dwelling wildlife with huge habitat needs can co-exist with humans, where humans are willing to make room for them, even in regions from which the species have been extirpated centuries and even millennia before.
It is the grim reality that wild places and animals are being destroyed at catastrophic levels by human action. This has occurred largely as a result of unregulated and unsustainable anthropogenic (human-generated) activities such as overharvesting of natural resources, overexploitation of wildlife due to consuming, trading, hunting, poaching; or from human-induced climate change, natural habitat loss and widespread pollution.
Until recently, human awareness of destructive actions was limited. It was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, when philosophy began to seriously address environmental and non-human animal issues in what is now the discipline of “environmental ethics”, that we started to become aware of how we are destroying wildlife.
Will Ghost Sharks Vanish Before Scientists Can Study Them?
Much remains to be learned about the cartilaginous, little understood fishes that inhabit the deep-sea.
A giant black ghost shark on the seafloor, at a depth of about 6,500 feet.Credit.Te Papa/Massey University
By Annie Roth
Dec. 17, 2020
Take one look at a ghost shark and you may say, “What’s up with that weird-looking fish?”
Over the past few decades, scientists learned that these cartilaginous fishes, also known as ratfish or Chimaeras, have been around for hundreds of millions of years, and that they have venomous spines in front of their dorsal fins and “fly” through the water by flapping their pectoral fins. They even learned that most male ghost sharks have a retractable sex organ on their foreheads that resembles a medieval mace.
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