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Doubts Cast on the Chinese Coins
In 2018, the Portable Antiquities Scheme described the worn coin from Cheshire as a cast copper alloy piece minted during the Xining reign (1068 -1077 AD.) They declared “It is doubtful that this is a genuine medieval find (i.e. present in the country due to trade and lost accidentally) but more likely a more recent loss from an [sic] curated collection.” But Dr. Green worries the ‘loss from a curated collection’ explanation for unusual discoveries is overused, writing,
“although the possibility of a loss from a curated collection certainly cannot be discounted, it can be perhaps overused as an explanation for surprising finds as
| UPDATED: 07:04, Sun, Jan 3, 2021
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A Cambridge University study indicates the discovery of the medieval Chinese coin dating from the early 11th century is a genuine find. The 25mm copper-alloy coin was discovered in Buriton, close to Petersfield and archaeologists have now confirmed this ancient cash dates from the Northern Song dynasty period.
culpa) of sin forgiven through absolution alone; one also needed to undergo temporal punishment (
poena, from
p[o]enitentia, “penance”) because one had offended Almighty God. Second, indulgences rested on belief in purgatory, a place in the next life where one could continue to cancel the accumulated debt of one’s sins, another Western medieval conception not shared by Eastern Orthodoxy or other Eastern Christian churches not recognizing the primacy of the pope.
From the early church onward, bishops could reduce or dispense with the rigours of penances, but indulgences emerged in only the 11th and 12th centuries when the idea of purgatory took widespread hold and when the popes became the activist leaders of the reforming church. In their zeal, they promoted the militant reclamation of once-Christian lands first of Iberia in the Reconquista, then of the Holy Land in the Crusades offering “full remission of sins,” the first indulgences, as inducements to participation.
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