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Bettering the Lives of Animals
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is the amount of free insulin in the supernatant.
Partition Coefficient
The partition coefficients of insulin, C1, and C2 were also determined. Briefly, 1 mg of insulin or the freeze-dried powder of C1 or C2 (equivalent to 1 mg insulin) was added to 1 mL of octanol/water (1:1) and incubated at 25°C for 24 h with vigorous stirring (600 rpm). After 24 h, the samples were centrifuged at 15,602 ×
g for 15 min at 4°C. Finally, the aqueous and oil phases were separated, collected, and analyzed using RP-HPLC as previously described. The partition coefficient was determined as follows:
(2) denotes the concentration of insulin in the aqueous phase at equilibrium.
D), (
E) Hydrodynamic diameters and Zeta potentials of cAuNPs and mAuNPs measured with dynamic light scattering (DLS). Note: hydrodynamic diameter and Zeta potential measurements are presented in the supporting information.
Cellular Uptake of mAuNPs
Shown in Figure 2A are photographs taken under dark field microscope of B16-F10 cells cultured with and without mAuNPs for 24 h. Numerous small spots in B16-F10 cells co-cultured with mAuNPs for 24 h were visible compared to controls, indicating that mAuNPs entered B16-F10 cells. Next, we investigated the cellular uptake of mAuNPs after B16-F10 cells were co-cultured with mAuNPs at different concentrations by ICP-AES (Figure 2B). The amount of cellular uptake of mAuNPs increased with the AuNPs co-culture concentrations in the range of ~0–60 μg/mL. The cellular uptake amount reached 3.6 pg/cell at the co-culture concentration of 10 μg/mL. If the weight of 10
6 Elevated levels of ROS cause damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids.
7 Tumour cells produce high levels of ROS, which maintain pro-tumourigenic signalling and resistance to apoptosis. However, toxic levels of ROS production in cancers can also activate anti-tumourigenic signalling, resulting in oxidative stress-induced tumour cell death.
8 Therefore, therapies that can eliminate ROS or elevate ROS production are potential effective cancer therapies. There is an inherent vulnerability in MM cells that high rates of immunoglobulin synthesis resulting in the high level of ROS. This provides a therapeutic potential for MM.
9 Recently, studies revealed that lenalidomide triggers antitumour activities in MM primarily by targeting cereblon (CRBN) and inducing ROS-mediated oxidative stress. IKZF1 and IKZF3 are essential transcription factors in multiple myeloma.
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