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Ana Livia Cordero and Malcolm X On August 25, 1964, following his return from his second tour of Africa, Malcolm X received a warmly written letter from Accra, Ghana, sending well wishes to the leader of the Black Power movement and his family. The type-written letter, signed “Ana Livia,” was not merely a social call from an acquaintance Malcolm X made on his trip across the Atlantic. Nor was it clearly related to Malcolm’s recent turn to Pan-Africanist politics. Instead, Ana Livia’s letter concerned a transnational coalition supporting a very specific radical movement: the Movimiento Pro-Independencia de Puerto Rico (MPI), a revolutionary political party organized in 1959 that sought the total “decolonization” of the Caribbean island from U.S. control. Ana Livia worried that recent riots had damaged relations between New York’s Puerto Rican and Black American communities, and she offered Malcolm X a rigorously theorized strategy.

Puerto ricoNew yorkUnited statesAl qahirahCiudad de la habanaRepublic ofColumbia universityVilla claraGreater accraPuerto ricansPuerto ricanMaya angelouKwame nkrumahLivia corderoAna livia corderoJulian mayfield