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Author provided By studying the endocasts of extinct animals, we can identify when major evolutionary innovations likely occurred. And this helps us pinpoint the origins of certain behaviours, such as flight, or the transition to land. Tilly Edinger and 100 years of ‘fossil brains’ Tilly Edinger (1897–1967), a vertebrate palaeontologist from Frankfurt, Germany, founded palaeoneurology in 1921 by combining her unique training in geology and neurology. She was the first person to apply a deep time perspective to brain evolution, and consider endocasts from throughout the geological record as more than mere curiosities. But perhaps what is particularly remarkable is that Edinger pioneered this whole new field of research while living under an increasingly restrictive Nazi Germany, from where she was eventually forced into exile.

City ofUnited kingdomUnited statesTilly edingerAlfreds romerFritz drevermannBiodiversity heritage library harvard university archivesSociety of vertebrate palaeontologySenckenberg museum of natural historyFrankfurt universityHarvard museum of comparative zoologyNazi germanyProfessor fritz drevermannSenckenberg museumNatural historyComparative zoology