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Sex cells in parasites are doing their own thing

Credit: Dr Lori Peacock Researchers at the University of Bristol have discovered how microbes responsible for human African sleeping sickness produce sex cells. In these single-celled parasites, known as trypanosomes, each reproductive cell splits off in turn from the parental germline cell, which is responsible for passing on genes. Conventional germline cells divide twice to produce all four sex cells - or gametes - simultaneously. In humans four sperms are produced from a single germline cell. So, these strange parasite cells are doing their own thing rather than sticking to the biology rulebook. Trypanosome cell biology has already revealed several curious features. They have two unique intracellular structures - the kinetoplast, a network of circular DNA and the glycosome, a membrane-enclosed organelle that contains the glycolytic enzymes. They don t follow the central dogma that DNA is faithfully transcribed into RNA, but will go back and edit some of the RNA transcripts af

Cross porpoises: Aggrieved dolphins hold grudges, scientists find

Cross porpoises: Aggrieved dolphins hold grudges, scientists find The marine mammals form friendships based on co-operation and refuse to help those that have failed to come to their aid in the past 22 April 2021 • 5:24pm The marine mammals are believed to be one of the most intelligent animals Credit: Amanda Cotton/Alamy Stock Photo  Dolphins hold grudges, scientists have discovered, as they will only help those that have come to their aid in the past. The marine mammals, believed to be one of the most intelligent animals, form social groups and friendships based on a history of co-operative behaviour which is similar to humans, according to University of Bristol researchers.

Know your ally: Cooperative male dolphins can tell who s on their team

IMAGE: Three male dolphins and one female Image:  Dr Simon Allen When it comes to friendships and rivalries, male dolphins know who the good team players are. New findings, published in Nature Communications by University of Bristol researchers, reveal that male dolphins form a social concept of team membership based on cooperative investment in the team. The Bristol researchers, with colleagues from the University of Zurich and University of Massachusetts, used 30 years of observational data from a dolphin population in Shark Bay, Western Australia, and sound playback experiments to assess how male dolphins responded to the calls of other males from their alliance network.

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