What is an Initial Coin Offering?
ICO (abbreviation of Initial Coin Offering) is an offer to
someone to invest in some units of a new cryptocurrency or
crypto-token in exchange against already established
cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin or Ethereum. ICOs have become an
increasingly popular method of fundraising for start-ups and other
companies with the intention to fund innovative projects based on
the blockchain technology.
In other words, when a start-up firm wants to raise funds
through an ICO, it usually creates a plan stating out the
project s goals, requirements, how much funds to raise, how
much of the virtual tokens will be kept by the founders, what type
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Treasury shares are well established in other jurisdictions, and
were introduced into Jersey law by the Companies (Amendment No. 9)
(Jersey) Law 2008.
Treasury shares are for example useful for employee share
schemes, and can avoid the need for an employee benefit trust.
Share buybacks to create a more efficient balance
sheet, that is one more reliant on debt, are now less popular, but
treasury shares resulting from such buybacks have advantages,
including ready availability of shares for sale by the company in
place of a new issue.
BACKGROUND
The Companies and Allied Matters Act (Chapter C20) Laws of the
Federation of Nigeria 2004 ( CAMA 1990 ) was initially
made law in Nigeria in 1990 as a decree of the military government.
It was modelled on the English Companies Act 1985. For thirty
years, there were no significant amendments to the CAMA 1990,
notwithstanding that England has, over the past three decades,
amended and replaced its own Companies Act. Nigerian companies had
to, essentially, rely on a 30-year old law to govern the way
businesses operate in our dynamic and exponentially evolving global
community. However, this all changed on Friday the 7th of August
BACKGROUND
The Companies and Allied Matters Act (Chapter C20) Laws of the
Federation of Nigeria 2004 (“CAMA 1990”) was initially
made law in Nigeria in 1990 as a decree of the military
government. It was modelled on the English Companies Act
1985. For thirty years, there were no significant amendments
to the CAMA 1990, notwithstanding that England has, over the past
three decades, amended and replaced its own Companies Act.
Nigerian companies had to, essentially, rely on a 30-year old law
to govern the way businesses operate in our dynamic and
exponentially evolving global community. However, this all
changed on Friday the 7th of August 2020, when President Muhammadu
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In November 2020, Canadian regulators issued a public reminder
to companies involved in the mobile applications industry about
their legal obligations under
Canada s Anti-Spam Legislation
(commonly known as CASL ) and other statutes regarding
the promotion, installation and use of mobile apps. The regulatory
guidance is important for all organizations that distribute mobile
apps to their employees and customers.
CASL
CASL creates a comprehensive regime of offences, enforcement
mechanisms and potentially severe penalties designed to prohibit
the sending of unsolicited commercial electronic messages (CEMs),
the unauthorized commercial installation and use of computer