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T-Cells are cells in the immune system that, when bound to the CD28 receptor, can be activated to attack a certain structure in the body, according to Onate. The body uses CTLA-4 to compete with CD28 for the T-cells, so they don’t harm healthy cells.
One angle of attack for in situ vaccination uses Anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors to activate the immune system to target cancer cells, Onate said. Anti-CTLA-4 inhibitors deactivate CTLA-4 so more T-cells may be activated to cause an immune response at the site of the tumor.
“If CTLA are the brakes of the immune system, this is like putting the brakes on the brakes,” Onate said. “It inhibits the inhibitor.”