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Psychiatry Confronts Its Racist Past, and Tries to Make Amends Judith Warner, New York Times, April 30, 2021 Dr. Benjamin Rush, the 18th-century doctor who is often called the “father” of American psychiatry, held the racist belief that Black skin was the result of a mild form of leprosy. He called the condition “negritude.” His onetime apprentice, Dr. Samuel Cartwright, spread the falsehood throughout the antebellum South that enslaved people who experienced an unyielding desire to be free were in the grip of a mental illness he called “drapetomania,” or “the disease causing Negroes to run away.” In the late 20th century, psychiatry’s rank and file became a receptive audience for drug makers who were willing to tap into racist fears about urban crime and social unrest. (“Assaultive and belligerent?” read an ad that featured a Black man with a raised fist that appeared in the “Archives of General Psychiatry” in 1974. “Cooperation often begins with Hald

United statesSamuel cartwrightDanielle hairstonBenjamin rushAmerican psychiatric associationAmerican medical associationPsychiatric servicesHoward university college of medicinePsychological associationHoward university collegeMedical superintendentsAmerican institutionsBlack americansState lunatic asylumAmerican medico psychological associationCivil war