To resign we must overcome it. Going where its uncomfortable global news that matters w made for mines. For a long time microbes have been synonymous with plagues diseases and epidemics. But in recent Years Research from around the globe has revealed that microbes are in fact essential to all forms of life plants and animals and of course to us humans. The bacteria inside us are useful for breathing eating into growth they can even influence our behavior and sometimes they can even change the destiny of a species. Looking into the microbial is as transcending as looking through a telescope to the stars and singing about our place in the universe. We cant keep them but with the observation tools available we can reveal their existence this is a very novel time hides a lot of people feel to it we have not been just kind of Inflection Point since during. The study of bacteria is revolutionizing all we know about how living things function and could possibly revolutionize medicine. We cant see them but they number in the billion us. Their presence is beyond question. We are immersed in a sea of bacteria and water on the leaves of trees in the air we breathe. They inhabit every tiny corner of the planet. Here in amsterdam zoo a contemporary museum called microbiota was created to make microbes visible. First appeared three point five billion years ago making them one of the very first forms of life on earth theyre also among the most basic consisting of a single cell without a nucleus with a few d. N. A. Molecules floating around inside. Invisible to the naked eye bacteria exist in all shapes around rajai more with filaments. Since their advent and they have multiplied to colonize the entire surface of the globe they are present on the most every day of objects. Bacteria are everywhere absolutely everywhere. They form a world of their own and now were finally beginning to understand the complexity of this world. The goal was always off to believe microbiome you can never ever look the same way as just self as before you are part of nature they are not just as individual but full of other organisms which make us do what we. And this is the start of a new thinking of a new era and i think its like steve jobs coming out of his garage with the first computer we will see in the future epic explosion over in any field. Over the past ten years Microbe Research has taken off around the globe engaging teams of scientists in many different countries. All areas of Life Sciences are involved in biology genetics medicine Behavioral Sciences and even the science of evolution. For the last hundred years really biology has focused largely on genetics and d. N. A. Inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells what were interested in is asking how important is micro biome in effect a these questions in driving the definition of who we are as a biological entity. Here in nashville Seth Borenstein works at vanderbilt university. His research on the mechanisms of evolution may possibly revolutionize our conception of the human species. The goal of our work is to understand who we are as a species what does it mean to be homo sapiens and who we are as animal micro associations because we do not live alone we live with trillions of other microbial cells and thousands of other species. Like many of his colleagues Seth Borenstein studies insect models and his research has led him to redefine what constitutes a living being. And what many it. Is that there is no individual but the im all the plant is an assemblage of individuals it could be called an ecosystem it could be called an assemblage a community. Ecosystem assemblage community our traditional notions of animals and plants are being completely overhauled by the study of microbes because the whole animate world lives with bacteria and sometimes even thanks to them. But how does this strange coexistence function. At the university of took a bar in japan the research of professor talking about for concert vividly shows how bacteria can be indispensable to the survival of a living being. A delicate operation is taking place. At a section of and if it to remove its digestive system. Professor for council was searching here for a very specific type of cell. You can see it in the n. T. The body very the special so cold the bhakti of sight and inside many pot holes there or both. And that you can see how you would think it would be seem to sap zani by the amazing. Each of these red dots is a living microorganism autonomous with its own d. N. A. And which has found what it needs to feed and proliferate inside the if its intestinal cell. Invisible to the naked eye this microbe book nara measures just three microns three thousands of a millimeter. In the evens intestine there are between five and six million of them. Why so many vocative within the south of the body needing its. This bacteria grow by the if you do eat essentially a new tour hence the essence or i mean us eat so if removing this bacteria by you think about it from an insect that if we did suck the prime to juice but im saying grow because they cannot decide proteins without the t. V. So this bacteria is really nutrition are bearing important. Without is bacteria if it would be unable to absorb the sap from plants and as a result be unable to grow and develop. The a different relationship with the microbes is vital. Their association the establishments hundred million years ago the age of the dinosaur and so this one is a feat on the brain there are almost single entity. Scientists call this working relationship between the bacteria and its host symbiosis. And sometimes such collaboration can be extremely close. In italy off the coast of the island of elba a small marine warm and its bacteria surprised researchers hope. This little worm palladius has a remarkable feature it has no mouth and no anus. That is somewhat of a perfect. We saw a large floating while taking the samples i hope there are no thats a good sign. Whenever you talk to someone whether in science or not in science and he told them im working with worms stuck dont have a mouse but dont have a god they dont have kidneys and everyone is ok how do they lose and thats needed fascinating that nature has so efficiently that they are able to exist without all of these and are still able to try and i think its quite fascinating. How is this little worm been able to survive with our digestive system. And why did this extreme enterprising system develop. Its a double enigma because the environment in which the olivias lives is so hostile. Work. That worm thrives in this sandy sediment its not only very poor nutritionally but its packed with substances that most creatures would find poisonous substances such as Carbon Monoxide and hydrogen sulfide. And its thanks to images taken with an electron microscope that only views is secret to be revealed. Each of these small formations on the surface of its skin is actually a bacteria that converts toxic substances compounds of carbon and sulfur into nutrients for a living yes thats similar to photosynthesis so the same way plants produce food so they are able to use Carbon Dioxide there it will to use water and theyre able to use energy from the light to make food for themselves and is in a similar manner. The book to avoid this in organic carbon organic carbon and that the worms can use to for energy. Gain some some length. That starts. The microbes living on the worm skin function as an organ. Its the equivalent of our intestine. Humans can no longer view themselves as autonomous entities. Biologists now consider all the bacteria that colonize the body as an organ in its own right just like our lungs liver and heart. This organ has a name the microbiota. Its functions are innumerable the immune system digestion development of the coin your lation system synthesis of certain vitamins and the protection of our skin tissue. In an adult human microbiota can weigh up to two kilos in total. But how do we acquire these microorganisms are we merely contaminated by our environment or are the bacteria transmitted from parents to their offspring. Yes. The surprising behavior of a small sim a city studied by a document who cut to reveal some clues. Very strange strange animal it is. This bug lays its eggs in a kind of jelly that totally encapsulates them. When the eggs hatch in midwinter the larvae feed on the jelly until the arrival of spring but this is not its only use one after another twenty or thirty x. Ray in roll on the bar the mother produce the jerry by their ovary jerry about the egg the symbiote is also it was created at the mixed up with jerry jerry come out and in this way the bacteria its a transmitter from the mother to offspring by way of the jerry. So generation after generation the essential bacteria are transmitted to the bug through this maternal jelly. And this is the only no from the sect but anyway all. Dependent on the microbes in some way and of course and say the baby acquire their. Hamada. Just as with insects a crucial process plays out at the birth of humans and other mammals. It is at this precise moment that you acquire and develop your microbiota. After spending nine months protected from all external bacteria babies enter into contact with the microbes that will be indispensable for the rest of their lives. Said chuckle so at birth its a shock to the nth and will be contaminated by its mother. The mother transmits the microbes present in her vagina anus and on her skin and therefore its an invasion so to speak. Then the baby will feed on breast milk and this milk also contains certain microbes and then when it goes on to solid food it many new bacteria colonise the baby and these new bacteria are those that it will more or less keep until the end of its life. And from birth the bacterial invasion will trigger the creation of another biological system essential to survival the immune system. The organs of the system bone marrow spleen or lymph nodes produce lymphocytes these cells and their antibodies are responsible for controlling the activity of microbes. Necessary for neutralizing them. Whats surprising is that the immune system needs microbes to become operational. This is why a baby born biases are in section may have a less effective immune system than a child born naturally. Its a little like sports to be effective you have to train all the time an immune system thats not trained thats not in Constant Contact with bacteria is much less efficient. As you develop you come into contact with more and more. Little by little your immune system becomes stronger the bacterial population your host grows to gigantic proportions. Adult humans have as many bacteria as they have so. When two people kiss for ten seconds nearly eighty million bacteria of seven hundred different species. Are exchanged. This is our internal ecosystem is modified really thats a positive thing. Thanks. So. Microbes. Some of the boss. We dont know. For over a century microbes were regarded as disease carriers to be found with antibiotics and anti septics. Such medical thinking is now widely question. Tend to treat bacterial infections with antibiotics however and i keep. Otic cannot target a specific bacteria but it will kill the other bacteria responsible for the disease but many other bacteria as well. Thats why doctors are now cautioning against the systematic use of antibiotics and its estimated that less than one percent of the bacteria in our bodies are harmful compared to the thousands of microbes that are useful to us only a few dozen can prove dangerous. But the probably the accurate way to think about microbes is they are just microbes sometimes theyre bad sometimes theyre good and this depends on a myriad of variables including what types of genes does that microbes out what types of genes does that human whats the environmental pressures and it really takes all three of those kinds of variables to determine whether a microbe is going to be good or bad. Microbes are thus essential factors in our health in our intestines alone researchers have found nineteen thousand different functions that are provided by over one hundred sixty species of bacteria. This is what is commonly called our intestinal flora. The intestinal microbiota has become a major focus of medical interest. In the southern german city of heidelberg the team of dr p. A book a pioneer in the exploration of the intestinal microbiota is leading a worldwide study. Theyre collecting human excrement from around the globe to study its microbial composition. Developed on the web the project has already got senate bills from a lot of volunteers. And scientists studying the microbiota collection gathered in heidelberg quickly discovered something startling. A kind of autumn. When we started in two thousand and eleven we didnt really have any expectations because no one had ever worked on this but we might for example have assumed that no two cases would be the same or that there would be links between the bacteria and the different eating habits in various countries like the japanese eat a lot of fish and that has a certain composition with the french drink wine and that would be reflected. Given that what surprised us was that food geography and also gender and age apparently have no impact. On china kind of. By comparing samples from different continents the researchers observed that human intestinal microbiota could be classified in three main categories that they have called enteral types. The three enter zero times are like three large intestinal flora families. What type we are does not depend on our environment our sex age or even on our diet. In fact the scientists still do not know what determines our gut type. And yet this is what dictates how we digest our food or react to a drug. Research in this field is still in its infancy and yet professor borks team has already established correlations between changes in intestinal microbiota and diseases such as colon cancer or obesity. These findings sometimes go beyond mere diagnosis and offer new prospects for treatment. The script on the biosphere and theres a benign there are other examples as well such as fecal transplants which are graphs of feces from one person to another. On this is a rather disgusting job here as it is but it helps to fight against certain Infectious Diseases which can be cured with antibiotics. Transplantation is effective in ninety percent of cases and. And just come on how we could also expand this research with use of such knowledge might enable doctors to find the right donor for an intestinal transplant the one containing the right enteral type which could increase the transplant success rate and is it a smooth tasty folks a lot at stake on. The idea of transferring intestinal microbiota could revolutionize medicine. Worldwide many teams are working on new solutions to treat patients with Metabolic Diseases such as diabetes and obesity in particular. Nutritional specialist dr cutting climb all coordinates a major event funded program investigating the role of gut microbes in cardio Metabolic Diseases here in her medical unit in paris her team is undertaking Important Research on the intestinal microbiota of patients who are diabetic or obese. State this is the animal model which has created out people in the fields so we found that if you take a nun obese animal gym free and you transfer the intestinal flora of an obese animal to it in two weeks it will become obese to. The publication. One of these findings had to resign being impact. The mice given the intestinal flora of obese mice had almost doubled in size after fifteen days but strangely the phenomenon was short lived some time after the experiment the mice returned to normal even though they were receiving exactly the same diet has before. No one yet understands what happened but its now certain that a malfunctioning of our microbiota is a factor in obesity. The challenge is to understand the changes in intestinal flora and see their role in the development of obesity and weve observed a loss of the intestinal flora of obese people this is not a loss of bacteria across the board but the loss of specific material and an increase in other types and this is what were trying to understand including the role of these changes in the development of obesity. Not only of the city but also complications associated with obesity which on us. It will take a few years before research into the role of intestinal bacteria will lead to new therapies. But doctors are now in no doubt that microbes are a crucial factor in the overall functioning of our organism. Tyria are a part of us theyre an essential element in our organiser and contribute to all aspects of our physical existence. Theyve been present since life first appeared and played a role in every stage. Of the development of the living world. One microbe in particular has become a star in the bacterial world. Has stepped out of the shadows and into the limelight. In the early one nine hundred ninety s. Researchers detected the bacteria as ability to spread rapidly through different insect populations but they couldnt explain it in a team from the French National center for Scientific Research has examined this bacteria as reproductive strategies in micro wasps their findings are astounding. Thats not bad if we can really see the accumulation of. Basically. Bacteria. The researchers quickly nicknamed. The reproduction manipulator. When it infects a microbe os the microbe also takes control of the insect sexuality. Has a unique dual feature first its transmitted only by females from mother to daughter and you know allows female osps to reproduce by themselves without the need of a male. Weve isolated the females in these tubes they come either from populations where well baccy is fixed where individuals carry a while back or populations where will back it is absent in both cases the females are virgins so the idea is to introduce males into both tubes and watch what happens and this will illustrate the long term consequences of infection by well back. Ill put some males inside here. Well i dont know i will wait and see what happens. But i think there we see a male and hes beginning to mount onto the female and the mating begins. And so we have here coupling that will last between ten and twenty seconds which is pretty rapid what i did when we introduced males with virgin females which do not have all back you know we see that quite soon coupling occurs between the males and the females. And special now well see what happens when we introduce this same type of male but this time with females who have been infected with will back for a few generations you know its. One of the members of the same system and we could watch this too for a long time because nothing will happen. We see the males just moving around keeping to themselves meaning that the females are incapable of initiating