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Author The digital version of this text was originally published at Anarchy Archives. On March 1, 1921, a citizen’s assembly in Kronstadt approved the Petropavlovsk Resolution listing 15 demands to the Bolshevik government in Petrograd. This date marks the start of the Kronstadt Rebellion in which sailors, soldiers and citizens took a stance against the demagoguery of the Bolsheviks in power. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of the 1921 uprising, we are republishing Emma Goldman’s account of the material and ideological motivations behind it and her reflections on the governmentâ€...

The Tours Congress and the Birth of the French Communist Party It is now 100 years since the Tours Congress of 25 to 31 December 1920, when the majority of delegates of the French Section of the Workers' International (SFIO) voted to join the Third International. Whilst the Communist Party of Italy (PCd’I) was formed on the basis of a real, open split from the pacifist, opportunist and parliamentarian Social Democrats, the French Communist Party (PCF) adhered to the positions of the International but held onto the gangrenous parliamentarist and opportunist majority that led it. It was an ev...

JUST over 100 years ago in 1920 on Christmas Day in Tours, delegates to the SFIO (French Section of the Workers International, the left wing of the Socialist Party) filled the Loire city’s indoor riding academy and opened the way to the foundation of the French Communist Party (PCF). Eighteen years previously, in 1902, the French Socialist Party (PSF) was founded when Jean Jaures, an independent socialist politician, was eventually elected its leader. Jaures, founder of the socialist daily l’Humanite, always opposed war and fought for a unified socialist movement. But following his assass...