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Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Idrisi (circa 1100--1166) was an Arab geographer and adviser to Norman king Roger II of Sicily. He was born into a family of Andalusian and Maghreb princes and sharif saints, in Sabtah (Ceuta), on the coast of Morocco. Al-Idrisi studied in Cordoba, and traveled extensively in the Mediterranean region, Anatolia, the northwestern coast of the Iberian Peninsula, and possibly southern England. He is best known for his Nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq (The excursion of the one who yearns to penetrate the horizons), one of the greatest works of medieval geogra...

The Russians at Merv and Herat, and Their Power of Invading India is an account of Russian policy in Central Asia and of possible Russian intentions toward Afghanistan and India in the late 19th century, written from a British perspective. Topics covered include writings by Russian military officers on Central Asia and India; the analysis by the Russian general staff of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-80); the journeys by Russian diplomat Pavel M. Lessar from Ashgabad (present-day Ashqabat, Turkmenistan) to Sarakhs (in present-day Iran) and from Sarakhs to Herat, Afghanistan; Russian railroa...

This poster, published in Florence around 1915, portrays two women, personifications of Civilization and History, cursing the rulers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire (Wilhelm II, Franz Joseph I, Ferdinand I, and Mehmed V, respectively), and pointing at them as responsible for the First World War. The rulers appear withered by the gazes of the women. The background shows soldiers lying dead on a battlefield and a city in flames. The strongly-worded caption below the image reads: "On the ruins, produced by the insanity of an old tyrant -- From the human charnel ...

Shown here is a color postcard from late-19th century Valencia, Spain, with season's greetings from a night watchman. Public workers delivered their aguinaldos (season's greetings) and received a small bonus or tip in exchange. The arrival of chromolithography in the world of graphic arts by the mid-19th century brought color to these simple postcards. The night watchmen were in charge of patrolling the streets and adjusting the street lighting. In some cities and neighborhoods, they also would open the doors of certain buildings. In some countries, during certain eras, they were also ...

The prolific Urdu author and journalist Abdulhalīm Sharar (1860--1926) was born in and spent much of his life in Lucknow (in present-day Uttar Pradesh, India). He produced biographies, historical novels, romantic novels, histories, essays, and other works. Tarikh-e-Sindh (A history of Sindh) is one of Sharar's major historical works. Permanent settlement in Sindh, a province of present-day Pakistan, dates back to about 7000 BC. The Indus Valley civilization, one of the world's oldest cultures, flourished in Sindh in 3300--1750 BC, rivaling those of Egypt and Mesopotamia in size and s...