When sadness comes to us, like black dreams, a gloomy haze begins to cloud our vision, dont rush to argue with it, it will go away, like guests from the underground will return again, forever above. But the souls, again a tear on the lithogorye chipper, sadness unfulfilled hopes are tormented by the shadow of days lived, i am in rapture in dreams looking for your image there. Only you, only you alone, but its just a dream, the soul screams, forever, the soul screams forever, love is gone, we are left, sadness, love is gone, it cant be returned, no matter what, its a pity, but you. Wake up, open your eyes, e, but you wake up and the sadness will be gone forever, love is gone, you are left with sadness, love is gone, it cant be returned, no matter what, its a pity, but you about. Open your eyes, but you wake up and the sadness will be gone forever, love is gone, love is gone, gone love. Hello everyone, this is the podcast of schrodingers cat, and i am its leading scientific journalist, grigory tarasevich, our guest today is alexander karpov, doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, there are einsteins elements and they were obtained as a result of thermonuclear explosions as a side reaction, in general, why is the periodic table up to does it get somewhere further and stop . Well , first of all, we probably need to say what it means in nature, yes, because nature, we usually say that uranium, the element with number 92 , is the heaviest in nature, we mean primarily the earth, maybe the solar system , well, everything that comes to us on. The earth from somewhere from outer space, in this sense , uranium is indeed considered to be the heaviest element that is found in such gigantic macroscopic quantities, and heavier elements, some of them are found on earth , but many in the universe, where these elements are continuously synthesized, yes, in principle they can be there, the same with einstein and fermat, of course, they are in the broad sense of understanding nature. Stable, or those that live without decaying long enough to survive on earth, on earth we can find those elements or those isotopes of these elements that either exist in the universe, but we dont find them on earth, we dont find them because let me remind you that the earth and the solar system in general are approximately 4. 5 billion years old, and those elements that they live for billions of years longer, they exist on earth, thats how. Energy, so they go to iron this way and that way, heavier than iron they, on the contrary, begin to go with the absorption of energy and therefore the star cannot move further, it simply goes out, and the only way that remains is with the help of neutrons, this is a type of decay, beta minus decay, this is when an extra neutron appears in the nucleus, so to speak, and it is beneficial for it to become a proton, then it can do this due to this weak interaction , due to. This is a minus of decay, he can do this, more electrin and electrons and an antineutrino fly out, but they leave the nucleus, and in fact there was a neutron in the nucleus, it became a proton, there was iron there, iron with number 26, so the extra neutron decayed, which got into the nucleus, it became an element number 27, another neutron hits it, it decays, the result is element number 28 nickel, and so on, along this ladder we can move up up up, these are two processes, they are responsible for that we have the periodic table from iron to uranium. Well, to put it more simply, everything that our world consists of, which we. Eat, feel, put on our feet and something else, was created either in the depths of the stars, well, here is our carbon, which, which makes up our body, like oxygen, is some kind of stars, burns, in the course of transnuclear reactions these atoms were generated, what is heavier, for this more serious events like supernova explosions were needed, if im not mistaken, well, these are also stages of the evolution of stars. And i read that such heavy ones, like gold, for example, here is my ring, and it did not even come from a supernova explosion, but from an even more monstrous event of the collision of neutron stars. Its hard to imagine, here i have a ring, there are gold atoms in it, in them are nuclei that appeared due to the fact that somewhere in space huge bodies collided and compressed other nuclei with frenzied energy, such a slightly fantastic story, but as i understand it. You bring this fantastic story down to earth and make it in your laboratory, almost, that is, if you now understand what they do in laboratories, then this method with neutrons, which you talked about when you talked about the ring, and about supernova explosions, collisions, mergers of neutron stars, everything is true, but in this way a person can produce artificial elements from uranium to fermium, einstein and fermium. That is, from the ninety second, starting from the ninetythird to the hundredth, these eight elements can be produced in this very way, by irradiating with neutrons, from the hundredth, that is, starting from the 101st element, from mendelevium, the only way that a person can to use are fusion reactions, synthesis reactions, that is, in the way in which nature, on the contrary, produces the lightest elements, man can only produce elements heavier than a hundredth in this way. I will again simplify a little, that in the laboratory where alexander works, they make reactions that even the collision of neutron stars does not reach. And your laboratory is one of the leaders in the world in the number of new elements created on the periodic table. And if you now open the modern version of the periodic table, then you you will see names such as, for example, who is our 104th element. Dubnium, because the institute where alexander works is located in the city of dubna, this element was named after this city, and this decision was international, so what kind of firovium do we have, 114, 114 element flerovium in honor of the founder of the laboratory where alexander works, there is 15th element of muscovy, and this, may the residents of the capital forgive me, for science this is the nineties, how did this happen . In the nineties, no, in the nineties these elements were not synthesized, but what was done in the nineties, it was a technological breakthrough, in fact, there was preparation, preparation of the team, preparation of equipment for those experiments that made it possible to discover the six heaviest elements, this really was, well , some kind in my opinion. Its a miracle, at that time the laboratory was headed by yuri savakovich oganisyan, he managed to assemble an international team, in addition to the countries of the institute, it included american laboratories, the largest american laboratories, leversky and okrechskaya, so we have 116 livere and 117, tennessee, where the opriga National Laboratory is located, were able to concentrate efforts in order to. Bring the technology to such a level of sensitivity that experiments that have not been possible for about 1520 years anywhere in world, it has become possible to make them. Indeed , the technology has been improved hundreds of times, lets discuss this question how is a new element made in quotes . As i understand it, a whole factory of superheavy elements has now been built in dubna, so its officially called, yeah, as i understand it, the photo is from there of the accelerator, but how can i even take it