A matter of International Law will not bring peace this is a complex political problem that can only be solved by negotiations between the israelis and the palestinians. Yemens hoofy rebels say they have seized 3 vessels in the red sea including a saudi ship saudi arabia adel you accuse them of hijacking a ship towing a south korean drilling rig who thier fishel has told out is there theyll release the drilling rig once they can confirm it belongs to south korea the saudi government is calling the incident a terrorist operation. In hong kong dozens of protesters have staged a daring escape from that besieged university shimmying down plastic ropes and escaping on motorbikes and he says been stopping activists from leaving the Polytechnic University after they occupied it for several days many are still trapped inside and are refusing to leave because they fear being arrested well the bride has been a shift from hong kong. Another night of running street battles on the streets of hong kong this is the cow loon district of the city again sidewalks have been ripped up for the bricks to turn into ammunition to throw at Police Barricades have been set up and there have been clashes between protesters and police all around the streets here the call went out for protesters to turn up in this particular area of cow loon because its just a couple of blocks away from Polytechnic University for the protesters to be in support of the perceived students inside who are still there after several days although there have been a number of them came out today there were clashes and a number of them have been arrested by police these protesters were determined that by creating hotspots in other areas of callaloo and they would draw away Police Manpower and take some of the pressure off the Police Cordon around the university allowing some of those protesters the chance to get away because all of them do face lengthy prison sentences the police say that they will be charged with a number of offenses including rioting which does carry a lengthy prison sentence for the protesters themselves obviously wanting to avoid that theyve been looking at opportunities of trying to get out but the police are determined that all of them will have to give themselves up eventually and will face process. Police in georgia have fired tear gas and water cannon to clear protesters rallying for a 2nd day near the Parliament Building in the capital tbilisi thousands of protesters gathered near the Parliament Building demanding an early election theyre angry that parliament failed to pass planned electoral reforms which would see full proportional representation. Better or worse as president Alexander Lukashenko has cemented his grip on power in an election thats been criticized by International Observers results from sundays vote reveal there will not be a single opposition politician in parliament the 2 previous opposition members in the 110 members and they were not allowed to stand again Russias Foreign Ministry says 3 Ukrainian Naval ships that were seized last year have been returned to gun boats and a tugboat were taken in the current straight between mainland russia and crimea which moscow an extreme ukraine 5 years ago the handover is another step in efforts to end the 5 year conflict in Eastern Ukraine where russian backed rebels are fighting the government. The caliphate is next charting the rise and fall of the Ottoman Empire ill be back with more news after that close watching scene of it. The caliphate. A form of rule in islam. That lasted for almost 13 centuries. From the death of the prophet muhammad. To the overthrow of the last ottoman caliph 924. The arabic term for k. Anything. Which actually in essence simply means a successor or a adept. The ruler of the islamic world would call himself resort to law the success of gods message. Through the centuries. The title of color is a term that has been used. Under time abused. In june 2014. A militant Group Calling itself the Islamic State in iraq and the levant isis or. Declared the establishment of a caliphate. They call rejected by most muslims around the world. By so reached into the past to appropriate the title of caliph. The group claimed its leader a bokken but the dead. As a descendant of the prophet muhammads own tried. To look into it and i dont know what i should want to a flush. That could have done a post and out of a flash. They have shot be out. Maybe if youd have a look. This is the story of how the title of caliph began in the prophets tribe. And how 9 centuries later the title was used by people of a different race. How Different Industries rosenfeld. Ending with the decline of the ottoman caliphate. This is the story. Of the caliph. Saudi arabia. The holiest city. Was here in the spring of the year 571 but muhammad the prophet of islam was born into a family belonging to a tribe called. The well aged man and more covered less as i am of the just a lot of me to just get out of. What i. Did not defend the act well be that then ill be what i use gonna die if not im going to gamble up up. 61 years later. Homage to medina the capital of the new Islamic States. In the problem of who should be successor. One thing seemed clear to you kind of come from the prophets trying. They had the infant that a milk the i that i love being it up he had the. Lack in how the and the up to have a shot of your own womb is a man in snow me. 30 feet in modern one and gun after. All of that if you listen. For 300 years after the prophets death the caliphate remains strong. But by the mid 10th century. The most of the road had from. Divided now between 3 colors all 3 descendants of koresh. And centuries to come one by one. Each of those 3 kind of fits would crumble and fall. Forward. To. Go to the spain. Competent of the under the sea into my youth kind of. Distance running the youth in a city that ruled from the mask. In the 7th and 8th century. The death of the 2nd caliph as hakan. In the hof a century of chaos among members of his family. And 1031 the 9th and last minute caliph the shan. Was forced to stand down. Some of the most of the. A look on the board in the lobby with us out you know but you know. Thats all im going to answer some of. Them is that you know full well. That out of. The the. Across the mediterranean the 40 minutes in cairo also fell victim to better inform the in 102106 college attack. Mysteriously disappeared in the book at them hills outside his capital. His death almost certainly at the hands of his own family. Would be the start of the fact that its long claws. From the late 11th century onward the caliph is increasingly losing control of affairs and that the political and military elite are starting to take over the state. In baghdad. Bassetts was suffering a similar thing. By the middle of the 11th century missal jukes a rising turk in a city that seized control of the caliphate. I love the room was in but out the lack in the 11 via let me. Why in the am i gonna shout son by law. The subject rulers were the 1st to take the title so tong. And arabic words meaning authorities. And in the trials to come the defenders of islam. Would be sold tons of non arab birth. Let them all fronts. The statue of pope urban the 2nd pointing east. In november 1095 from the city. He launched a Christian Campaign to recapture jerusalem and the holy land from the muslims. The crusades. Clear more was lent by the pope to assembly where he resorts his authority to declare war. And attend 96. The crusaders set out on arduous overland eastward journey. And. After 3 years of demanding travel and fierce battles. They finally reached their goal. Clinic july 10th 99. Kristy and sgt captured jerusalem. Theres a major massacre muslims died tuesday even some eastern christian. Who the peons in recognize as christians died and the chroniclers from the crusaders perspective present this is vengeance for the blasphemy that these saracens had done to the jesuss holy city of jerusalem. For not hof century sturdier jerusalem had surrendered to the 2nd caliph of islam. But intend not to knowing. As muslims saul to confront the marauding crusaders. Islam faced a burning question where was the caliph. Be about at that point had no military thoughts which they could have sent the fall to the caliphate they had lost their syrian lands to. Local warlords so when they saw the crusaders coming in they probably were quite happy to see that these was up us were now facing a major problem with these clearly quite Strong Military contingency moving in from europe. Large areas of the levant were occupied. Divided by the christians into 4 distinct fiefdoms. But after half a century of crusaders success muslim slowly began to fight back. But it was not the caliphs were led the fight. Damascus syria. In the middle of the 12th century this city was the capital of the zinc. A turkish dentist founded by a man to. The governor of northern living. In 1144 he had secured the 1st muslim victory against the crusaders. Wellwood him out of the whole product he marched to the. Eleusinian the heaven into song and that he intended. And to. Be and then to be in kenya the head of the bun. In 1146. Succeeded his father in the struggle against the crusaders and deliverance. 2 decades later he would be fighting over another progs. Also leaving the house and the stock full of as how can this all to me. Needed using key and you say it all theme watch out so let me in such a subtle ascended be sure to call what to and you can mature of course a lot could be said. After 5 years of. Should call noted deans kurdish general succeeded both in defeating the crusaders and seizing control of the fata colorful. Rule. He was succeeded by his nephew salaheddine. The man known to the west as solid. So he saw that his political career as the was leader of the falcons so he had to acknowledge the supremacy of the father he kept the for 2 years. But then 1171. Is alive and switched his allegiance. Bringing an end to a hospice centuries of the faults of the caliphate. And declaring egypts loyalty to the opposite caliph and but that is. Why so late in that this is but most certainly is that ive been had one problem that he had no legitimacy so the main selling point for so he didnt throughout his career was about kind of. The cost of jordan. One of the largest crusader forts and the levant. From this powerful position the crusaders began to harass muslim trade caravan. Threatening even make it so. Unified the syrian and egyptian Political Landscape and the only remaining. You would polities with it was say the states so it was natural for them to move again. In july 11th 87 here in northern palestine but the place known as the horns of a dream. Is crushing the crusaders. 00. 00. 004 months later jerusalem surrender all. This time not to an arab. But to a kurdish soul clung. To shed blood can you make me feel beautiful if. And if allowed bessie get. Life and. Let it be when it was leaving be shaken out like a lot of different. When she came. To defeat the team was a turning point for the crusaders. Driven back to a strip of martha rainy and coastline. They consolidated their position with massive costs strategic points like sides and left. But just as this threat to the islamic world was subsiding. A danger of even greater proportions was gathering strength. This time. In peace. An ancient school in better. Built by the ambassador calif. It was part of a desperate effort to recapture the golden age of the early our best caliphate. In 1242 and most awesome succeeded his father as the 37th calif. But he would soon face a new danger. The approach of. The soon to. Be phase by the mongols overall was seen as the major turning point in the recent history and when the moments came there was a clear sense of. The way of holding things. They will continue to rule. In january 1258. The mongols reached back then. Within 2 weeks the opposite capital id been brought to its knees. The caliph and the stasi was execute. A great city reduced to ashes. A 500 year caliphate. Come to an end. It was a moment that was but a watershed but also a confirmation of a situation which it actually existed for quite a long time. Some scholars of agi that it was if not any great significance because the real power of the apostates had faded away hundreds of years ago when they were just sitting around in that baghdads palace and that their existence had very little meaning for the majority of the. Islam was now in peril. The only remaining hope was the new sotos of egypt the man who looks. Brought the slaves from central asia to form an army for the e. U. Bits. They had supplanted some odd demus dentist. In september 1216 here a guy in general in palestine. Remember army met the mongols in vats it. Was a decisive victory for the muslims. The member looks at save the muslim world. And their tenuous legitimacy. Was about to be strong. There was a member of the abbas and family who managed to escape from the slaughter in baghdad and make his way to cairo where the mamelukes of egypt subsequently recognized his descendents as kate lives in cairo and dr bennett just to see from this kind of shadow puppet caliphate. Bolstered by the callous indorsement in 12 months you want. Them looks put an end to 2 centuries of christian crusades. Baker. The last crusade the fortress on the mediterranean was captured. Meanwhile in anatolia a new muslim power was on the rise. Of power which would carry the banner of islam to the gates of constantinople. In 629 during the life of the prophet muhammad. The 1st ever battle between muslims and by sun times took place here in. Southern jordan. Oh the fight ended with the muslims defeated and their withdrawal to medina. But the setback would be temporary. The great progress. As of constantinople still back and. Stumbled into the paper on that f. And the miss that one alicia 50 how these again you know costantini of an m. L. A. Meeting i mean when any measure. Is dumb you can only see. It. If you read. In the 10th and 11th century constantinople is described as the apple the ultimate prize that someday muslims will win and often the taking of constant no pulis presented almost apocalyptic terms of something that will bring on the final victory of islam. That final victory would fall to the ultimate sense of turkic most im trying to emigrate from central asia to settle in im told. They give these a month i have to do shut a lot of mud the money of it the protestant on it. Is that in a quarter to that yet. Then you stumble a little. April 14th 53 minutes army siege to the great city. 7 weeks later the altar months back from their way to constantinople. And as the victorious. Entered the city through this gate. An 800 year old prophecy had come to pass. This invalid importance was known to muslims and also for european christians suddenly one of the major capitals of cristen them had become a muslim. Just as they tasted the fruits of victory. At the far end of the mediterranean. 800 years of muslim civilization. Was about. To come crashing down. Capturing a moment in time. Snapshots of our lives. Providing the camps into someone elses mouth. Witness on aljazeera. And who ignored tator nandan the top stories on our jazeera the us says israeli settlements in the occupied west bank and not a legal secretary of state might pompei or made the announcement which has been welcomed by israeli Prime Minister benjamin netanyahu. Says he will leave the status of the west bank to the israelis and palestinians to negotiate calling the establishing of civilian settlements inconsistent with International Law hasnt worked it hasnt invents the cause of peace the hard truth is there will never be a judicial resolution to the conflict in arguments about who is right or wrong as a matter of International Law will not bring peace. This is a complex political problem that can only be solved by negotiations between the israelis the palestinians. Saudi arabia says yemens who fees of hijacked a ship towing a south korean drilling rig in the red sea the rebels say theyve captured military vessels who say officials told hundreds or theyll release the drilling rig once they can confirm it belongs to south korea a saudi government is calling the incident a terrorist operation who fees have targeted vessels off yemen at the southern mouth of the red sea in the past. In hong kong dozens of protesters have staged a daring escape from a besieged university shimmying down plastic ropes and escaping on motorbikes police are been stopping activists from leaving the Polytechnic University after they occupied it for several days many are still trapped inside and are refusing to leave because they fear arrest. Police in georgia have fired tear gas and water cannon to clear protesters who are rallying for a 2nd day near the Parliament Building in the capital tbilisi thousands of protesters gathered there near it demanding an early election theyre angry that parliament failed to pass planned electoral reforms which would see it for proportional representation. For the roosters president Alexander Lukashenko has cemented his grip on power in an election thats been criticized by International Observers results from sundays vote revealed will not be a single opposition politician in parliament the 2 previous opposition members in the 110 member simply were not allowed to stand again ill be back with a full news hour right after the 2nd half of the caliph dreaming that if you can thanks very much watching bye for now. The alhambra. A muslim citadel palace. One of spains most famous spawning winds. For more than 2 and a half centuries this palace in granada was the scene of the last its. The last muslim dentist in the iberian peninsula. Sas a jack one of those pick in your eye you know not study. They stood up and he forgot that he had pulled a deal they say and qualified to the court of the law but in a battle sequence he will not get to a pickle michaelis overseas is on notice with other tonight im. In the early 8th century. Muslims conquered most of the eye derian peninsula the province they called under seal. But the compering on it was on able to drive home their success. The remnants of the former rumors the physical fights took shelter in the mountains in the north. Of the cult at the altar that its cool to look at if you want to show that it is when you allow. The d. Day academy to be to the e. C. A lot of the. Mountains of Northern Spain would become the cradle of new christy kingdom. Thanks. Kingdoms that would start a holy war not a complete stop 3 conquered by barry and peninsula and end what they saw as most of the capacious. Last. Half. Past 10 its like us or kind of look at that and did anyone see the new shameless who can its a party to feed his body up. Look at that its a gun and do 70 m. Hota hai no a minute no i mean the old no i mean its how dad hokum know i mean is that i did it. In 1031. 00 after the fall of deer made promises of quotable. Under the sea a broke up into several minor city states. Easy prey for the christian. Help was needed from across the mediterranean. America she. Founded the 11th century last couple of the moral. The sperber then esteem and the success of. The young walks across the sea to under the sea and to confront the threats from the spanish christian kingdoms. Done and wonderful of it what it enough is that it also if dont know that the hut that we know thats a symbol to muddy the building what in your feet does the see what you missed in the few minutes of those. Buds oh heck if the let the humbug of us only as a whole jihad if it defend one if you know that and then knows. The whole while the other one. More than a century that it. Was held at bay. Until the year 1221 the christian kingdoms of custody. Are gone. Portugal united against the morning. Here east of cordoba. The battle took place which immortalized the name of this man for the. Last thomas thomas. Forces heavily defeated by the united states. But i can. Go to the house of this wasnt going to be why they wanted to have the old go back you know if its out if. They wanted what the up. The you has and i was in with the in a few monaco above i dont. Pristine forces continue to press south winds and by the late 13th century the muslim presence in spain was reduced to the tiny mustard kingdom crown on the. Genesis of it. And its meaning who did what was team ready and medina the couple hook animals up the shore of the lie thats what i mean its fuck yes and its going to smoke. How do you need the money idea to win with. This animal its a world where they know youre doing it hope 1000000 misdeeds is using it as the wow team. In 1491 united on these other 2 christian monex green. And confront nondoing about a gong made siege to bring out the. Mohammad the 12th the not so its a long sentence desperate for must for help. But this time there was no answer. Was. Coming. He. Was no sign of help appearing. In the city surrendered to the spaniards. Done on a hot. Sun. Coming. In january 14th 92. Responded and to run up. On a computer stuff. Was complete. Then we sure. Got off. The scene and did a survey. Im a national couldnt x. Could do well and fast by a father for that i think. 1492. Marked the end of muslim rule in spain. That same year Christopher Columbus arrived back in granada. He brought news of his discoveries to a sponsor. Is about. A new world was about to open the crystal. Ball the muslims were about to start fighting each other over an old title. The count of. 1453 the istanbul. No longer called constantinople. Was made capital of the old time and. An empire that the already made inroads into christian europe. But the soul tom was remains lay here in this mosque of the difference from. Selim the 1st came to power in 1512. 5 years later he had toppled the mom looked in history in egypt and triple the size of the ultimate empire. When the ottomans conquer egypt they take it from the man. They can claim to be protective of the holy muslim sites mecca and medina and they feel like in harry the mantle of being k laughs from shadowline of apostate cain ifs in cairo. So consider you are one of those who did what if you knew the truth too real we didnt cover the stone wasnt right that it got to move on if it did it quite a good to be can get away that you stumble but you dont. You could try to do it we can do it and hung its door to course one kind of a lot of the. But it is the. The topkapi palace. Legendary residence of the my to. The 1517. The sultans awarded themselves another honor talking to. Some of. The most annoying centuries after the foundation of the kind of 6 there is. The title that slipped from the hands of arabs on the floor of. The prophet strike. The ottomans dont seem to have made a huge amount of being k. F. C. And whilst they did claim the title it was more of an honorific or something that indicated that they were 1st among muslim on. So the ottomans were not initially in the 16th 17th 18th century really claiming to be universal muslim really. Yet after a slow decline of 3 centuries. The successors of these great ottomans all tones. Were turned once again to the caliphate. In a desperate attempt to rescue their falling empire. The. Palace istanbul. The residence of so far not the honey the 2nd who came to the throne in 1876. He was a skilled carpenter. Crofton most of his furniture. As he chiseled in plain the carpenter salt on was contemplating the gradual loss of territories. By the late 19th century. Much of the mighty Ottoman Empire was disappearing from the mouth. Of the yet well accomplished 11. But if but if it got to Jemaah Islamiya its something thats monumental i joe oh how would. You add that what you thought of ticket. And the number that the bonus money and the other night. That. Bob just i mean cut them a little spiny and feel more of the of a but shes cut the had to be immediately and i think he just wanted and medina know what. Youve. Got them. But the still tons attempt to exploit the spiritual power of the title kind of could not save. In 1909 after honey it was deposed. Mushmouth little shop was installed as the 35th socalled ottoman states. And go his coronation was mocked by lavish traditional sense of the use in truth he was powerless. Little fishies book and study divided oh smaller than that that they stick down to a small a day that did it up the paths shouted out at me i may fade out it here because that that i keep good name is beautifully true to that is you get good by the committee you gotta do it. In nov 19th 14th. The ultimates entered world war one on the side of the central powers. Cold evil in the name of the colonists a war that was bizarre some of the coming. On the other side of the trenches western powers song im not sure. But if im camping in the caribbean monopoly and i can bucket and they summon monopolists not to. He went up. When he got it from going to how do you know my. Friend said that somebody in the dhamma to have been a formal result of the men who survived much. And to encourage the arabs to rise up and revolt. The british too would turn to the ancient power of the caliphate. And the person of. The gusto to get as much. Mad as shit if a 762. 00 and a National Even i would know something the white. House and identify the. Most a warm and humid. Day he had been kidney of so much. Of the fire. In june 1916. What was called the Great Arab Revolt erupted in. A desert region in the west of what is now saudi arabia. Under the command of sharif. And with the advice and the help of a british officer. Lawrence. Forces of france northwards supported by the british what tacked onto from. Within 2 years in 1918 the joint forces had taken the whole of the levant and iraq. In october of that here an armistice was concluded. The ultimate suffered a humiliating defeat it. And july 19th 80. 4 months before the end before or one. A new suit palm springs. He was to rule over what was left of fuel from an empire. Virtually nothing anatolia and his stuff. But even this would soon be lost. Just 2 days after the end of the war french or british troops marched into lucky boy in the autumn and company. And i told you it was divided between the western powers. To make it what do ya is it and they cant take this flaw was to mandate it. With them its. In the things in the doing other want to change it bombs this want that it has to yoke. Turkish nationalist resistance broke out. After 3 years of bloody fighting. The turks succeed the brits and its. Only a stumble was left occupied. And in it was a small town now if you would by nationalist turks as a traitor. Be taken to court to select a new cousin or was laid out there like that to follow it up ill be fair cautious a little not a blush to the same hysteria to see it up shit is the shot i know as a monday signed. But i dont want to mustnt use them yet. You claim in the attic at that akashi given the steady lead. On cut out on the 1st of november 1922. The Turkish National assembly abolished the sultanate. 2 weeks later. Midway did deep soul town and calif. Left the dome about your palace. The residence of ottoman rulers. Through this gate bound for exile. Option majid the 2nd was chosen to hold the now largely symbolic tie to come. To the kitchen with the bomb since they got it down the aisle for that that. The next civic need that they can order you push back on the mother is the one you think all the must see the surrounding us that without all the bush and bush most all molly that how well they did it there ought to be made. Good on the 3rd of march 19th 24. The last vestiges of the caliphate were dismantled by the new turkish republic. The title of the universal to slam. Title 13 centuries old. Been terminated by most of them so. Much. The last ultimate colors were sent into permanent. Washington dualists not me im a predator she got an email from a. Be. One of the top of the market here. Before you jump. That high you feel india. The name your lot. All that to call the call that a lot. Of the. Honey think there should be theres the. Fear. That caylee is meant to be a universal figure who draws support from the Muslim Community as a whole that is obviously not the case with abu bakar and the fact that the long historical record also shows that when people con game broad based consensus that caliphate automatically becomes invalidate. The caliphate is such an extraordinary entity. As an outsider i wish that the islamic world like you had something represent the all that. Traditions of Political Violence or civil war what about the other side of islam which im afraid the west doesnt really understand. The. Eat. Eat. 1. 1961 the kuwait fund has been supporting peoples livelihoods in over 100 countries by funding projects in a rape sectors. Ranging from infrastructure to health and education. These initiatives ultimately help to eradicate poverty. And promote sustainable development. Hello that the hate is still very much in evidence across much of australia the same raid to the south across into tasmania and we have had some very vigorous thunderstorms along the Sunshine Coast to the north of brisbane but as we go through the next couple of days that heat is going to work its way across into South Australia 30 celsius in adelaide and eventually work its way further east was not cheap melbourne at 19 and temperatures have actually finally come down in Western Australia so by wednesday 27 celsius a mix of sunshine and clouds and then the time it is continuing to climb across the great by look at this in adelaide 42 degrees celsius now the only saving grace with this is that by thursday the heat continues to work its way east was so the temperatures go massively up by wednesday just one celsius off the november record of 42 of course we have to reach that 42 that on the day it does cool down dramatically 23 by then a couple of trees below the average is rather unsettled into Christ Church 20 celsius cloudy skies in oakland but well probably in the way of sunshine quite brisk winds for the next couple of days into the north island and then as you see by wednesday we have got rain still impacting much of the south island but not bad at 15 in christchurch and feeling ok in oakland at 20. In china cancer drugs can be pretty beautifully expensive some desperate patients travel to india to buy cheap generic versions but what cost when a bowlers those smuggling to survive are now dizzy or. This is al jazeera. You know i mean our entire now this is the aljazeera news hour live from london coming up. This stablish meant of israeli civilian settlements in the west bank is not per se inconsistent with International Law u. S. Abandoned its position on israeli settlements saying it no longer considers them illegal. Hong kong police tightened the scene on a University Campus the