Transcripts For CSPAN2 Lynn 20240704

A professor of history at the university of illinois at chicago. She studies race and agenda in the u. S. Wes bridges a member of. She was awarded the of one historians. 119 she was a fellow of the huntington library. Her new book is west of jim crow the fight against californias color line. Thank you for being with us and im going to hand it over to yu and i will see you again for q a thank you so much. Im just so happy to be here. Let me just get this going. First of all i have big thank you to give to the California Historical society. I frankly would not have had a career without them. They have been helping me every single step along my career. I have visited them for my first book where did much of my research and the old library and the library into the curators, i cant say enough. I could spend all my time thinking how the library into the special shout out to karen jacob for helping me in setting this program up but i also want to give a shoutout to Deborah Hoffman the archivist. One of my chapters would not have existed without her help and Allison Moore whom ive worked with for years. She was one of the people who gave me the idea for this book. She really and courage me to write the chapter on this International Exposition which really launch the book so anyway thanks and a lot of appreciation for you all. So lets get to it. What ive tried to do in this book is to give a sense of the breath and the depth of White Supremacy in california. To reveal the extent of jim crowe or segregationist practices and antipractices. I also in attempting to underscore the complex system of networks of resistance that have existed in the state. That involved networks of africanamericans mexicanamericans and their allies from statehood to the Civil Rights Movement. Clearly one book has not documented everything on segregation. Well i went up and down the state and time in Public Libraries from riverside to fontana and lots of time at the bankrupt i have tried to focus on six stories that i think shows something of the contours of jim crow and as i said the beginning of the freedom movement. Many other scholars have documented the nuanced ways to jim crowell operated in the states. They helped us understand the ways that racism and segregation have operated across the state but for the most part those were considered the 20th century and when i was interested in was charting the beginnings of the system how was it established segregation White Supremacy and how was it refined and established before what we think of as the 1950s and the episodes that we all recognize as being a part of these episodes a part of the Civil Rights Movement like the bus boycott or the sitin movement. So its before that era. What i want to do today is i want to focus on stories in chapter 5 of my book, story about how africanamericans and their allies pushed back against racial weight restricted housing and the role of White Supremacists and a particularly the in that story. Its a story that involves some figures that are wellknown to california. Publishing black newspaper published out of Central Avenue in los angeles. A very important figure, some of you might know about her, the first black woman to run for Vice President in 1962 on the Progressive Party ticket but my interest in this story, shes one of the first to talk about the arrival of the ku klux klan and the most formidable. When you think about the ku klux klan, probably talk about the origins of the clan in American History after the civil war, forming the effort to stop africanamericans in their quest for freedom. You see the published in harpers weekly in 1974 showing the clan there. On the left is newly freed slave and you can see the word there worse than slavery. Now the plan of the 19th century we associate very much with the moment of freedom right and with its foundation in the south and the terror that it, you know, promulgated across the south. But my concern tonight is not that plan. But what we call the second plan it is the second plan of the 1920s that became particularly strong in the u. S. West also in the midwest. And some of you might remember in the 1920s the clan was popular in idaho and indiana but it was also strong in california. And its this clan that have noticed in 1921. It was that year that the clan arrived in Downtown Los Angeles setting up the office right there in town. And the eagle immediately ran front page headlines showing entertain the clan and i have also an article what should we do about arrival of the clans that instructed about the dangering of the clan a march to clan health in Downtown Los Angeles in 1924 and while the strength of this clan in california remains Southern California, it did spread up and down the state. So there were chapters of his clan oakland and anaheim, in San Bernardino county, riverside, up and down the state. You know, the fledgling aacp and we questioned what do we know about this organization and what can we do to stop it so assume the clan arrived africanamericans across the state organized and now sometimes this clan has had the reputation of being a sort of more professional clan in some ways. That meaning that members were members of professional class, and there have been studies that show that a lotss of the california clan members of the 1920s ran for office down in the city council. Where middle class outstanding homeowners, well in some ways has obscured the violence that this clan also practiced so what i want to say one of the points i make in the book and chapter is homeowners and clan in california is that we cant be fooled by this portrayal of this second clan or even the third clan tht im going to talk about in a minute as somehow less dangerous. Another kind of myth or idea that some folks have about second clan they werent concerned with africanamericans unlike first clan that was clearly targeting newly freed black americans. The second clan of the 20th century was more concerned about america immigrants in america. They were but again, in california, they were also always concerned with africanamericans and their presence was a threat to clan members in california. So i wanted to just say that and the clan received tremendous publicity in 1322 when it raided the home of a mexican family in inglewood is a picture of clans as a funeral because members at a funeral when clans attempted to raid this home they accused this family of being bootleggers and a constable was shot and then the clan was then brought brought to the attention of the d. A. And there was a trial. So while everyone might not have known about the arrival of the clan in california and 1920s, this episode became national news. After that trial the d. A. Was alerted and told to investigate the membership of the clan and find out if this is, in fact, this organization strong and members were, and what danger it might represent to the state. Now, this led to a raid on clan headquarters. And the d. A. Office uncovered in that raid surprised even the most member confiscated member from the l. A. Headquarters of the ku klux klan reveal over 3,000 clan members in l. A. County alone over 1,000 in the city itself including three on the d. A. s staff and two on those list spoke volume l. A. Chief of plains the l. A. County sheriff were both members. As a black man being messenger put it on their report on the raid, quote, no courageous thinker would can rely on police and the authorities when the evidence of the t police and authorities are members of the ku klux klan end quote. Now, whens one would think that this episode would have put an end to the california clan. But after the trial was botched thats a long story i dont have time to go into but you can read about in chapter five but all of the clan members raided this house acquitted with their attack of the mexican couples house. They wrote to the headquarters in new york and said that the clan, quote, continued to operate openly everything to trial. So what does this all have to do with housing . And segregation now, contraryoe to popular assumptions as i said earlier, the clan, this clan had a focus on africanamericans as well as immigrants catholics, and others. But i want to get back to as i mention another assumption about the clan that i want us to get rid of here. And that is that sometimes believe that the clan disappeared during the 30s and withid especially world war ii d similar by the ideology. So here we have kind of the the tampening down of the second clan. And many believe that that was kind of the end of it. Right . Women have been possible for the clan to be spouting their own white supremacistth ideologies one believes. During the war and, in fact, they did go underground for a while. But they didnt disappear and that really important in california history. Because it is in the war years, especially in 45 and 46 actually, that we see the resurgence of the clan in california an might call this the third clan. And their new target their particular target are black and brown families who are moving into white only areas of the state. And their rage is often at war veteran so this is the clan that i want to spend more time talking about tonight. This im sorry is an undated photograph from state north ridge but i want to start now diving into the story about segregate housing one of the thing that the third clan wants to stop is black and brown homeowners moving into previously white only neighborhoods. Now, you might some of you might be familiar with this man. One was a prominent black attorney later a judge and he was the naacp point person on the legality of restricted housing. Now, many of you im sure are familiar with the term restricted covenant thats the part that say that this house, this property may never be sold to and it might say a negro oriental a mexican using language of the 19 teens, 20s, 30s, 40s, 350u these covenant these restricted deeds ensured that these would be white only or so segregationists hoped. Miller made it his business like charlotteto investigate restrictions and see grow segregated housing and she was the point person on this part of the law. And he would be instrumental in fighting against restricted housing. He would be one of the lead attorneys up and down the state for dozens and dozens of cases. Where black folks moved into previously white neighborhoods. He also defended smflt most high profile cases in the nation including the case of mcdamage actor who won the oscar for gone with the wind. So he would be a part of the story. Now for the story of odeay short. Odeay short was a refrigeration engineer who had lived and worked in los angeles for 25 years. By 1945, now many black angelenos he was frustrated by Wartime Housing shortages. He was a father of Young Children and there you see his daughter ann s and his son dairy and wife helen and they were feeling squeezed out of the desirable neighborhoods in los angeles by the restricted housing. And restricted covenants. So Lauren Miller estimated that about 8 0 of Southern California housing were tied in restricted housing and restricted covenant theme so short that year, that lucky break and got a job at the kaiser steel plant with a picture of them inside the plant 1929. Now, many of you have heard of kaiser surely Kaiser Permanente right and health clinic. Kaiser is in montana was a boom for black workers. As were his shipbuilding yards in Northern California. But this steel plant was in montana right east of l. A. And frontier had promoted itself as a base of restriction. So when l. J. Short got a job at an engineer at this plant, he felt like he won the lottery. It was a good job. Age kaiser plant was the first west coasts facility to turn steel product on one site. Its opening according to one historian turned into a bench mark of the steel making. The jobs as i said were a boom for africanamericans and as an engineer short got better wages than most black workers and lower paying lower status jobs. So in 1945, in december, odeay short and his family moved to a 500 acre land in montana now the property was south of the street and in an area of town where no black family had ever lived. And as soon as the family moved into their house, however, they were visited by two white sheriffs who told odeay short that he was out of bounds. He should leave the white only neighborhood and move to the black neighborhood on the other side of baseline street. On december 3rd, the Real Estate Agent who sold sort the lot told him, quote, vigilante had a meeting on your case theyre a rough bunch and i would get my family off this property at once noww odeay short was well aware that the vigilantes, in fact, were clan members aen he prepared for trouble he did three things. First he called his attorney ivan johnson who is law partner of Lauren Miller. Second, he contacted the fbi and third, he contacted members of the black press. Which the california eagle is also another black newspaper a los angeles sentinel sental ran down headlines in the case and recounted threat that he had received from the sheriff about vigilantes. Ten days later, shorts house burst into flames the fire that engulfed the property began with an explosion and neighbors rushed to the scene. The family manage to the escape the house but not before they were severe sly burned and next door neighbors go then to the hospital in a statement later to the press these neighbors said they didnt know it was a black family because they were like skin they assumed they were white. So little girl tara died 15 minutes after she was admitted and the boy barry died the next morning n as their mother did helen these some coverage from the San Bernardino press. As soon as the fire subsided, conflicting reports circulated about its cause, white neighbors, though, agreed that the responsibility with the fire lay withth the short according o the theory from the press many neighbors mr. Short was lighting lantern for a lap lamp and it exploded. Now, the black press wasnt having it. The california eagle and the sentinel and both local branch in l. A. Chapter also investigated the crime. And as as they began to investigate the crime it quickly became apparent that it wouldnt have been possible for a lamp or lantern to cause that kind of explosion theres a picture of the eagle office. Eagle office because the walls of the house were not to the ground. So this lamp or lantern theory the black press and then the naach was out on this theory. Now, its a long investigation process. Many months of investigation which i dont have time to detail steps of this but in aftermath as a murder of the eagle reported, there was elaborate coverup of evidence that would have led to criminal conviction. That coroner for example in his investigation was refusing to admit evidence that the shorts had been threatened by vigilantes thehe lantern itself that was still intact that supposedly blew up would not enter into many of the investigations. Andre the San Bernardino distrit attorney became clear to that the eagle and sental naacp was in midst of leading this coverup. But there was also an organization organized redistance to the coverup and the efforts to seek justice for the short family were also ongoing. In 1946 montana writes who was a lead ere of the Los Angeles Socialist Workers Party wrote and published this pamphlet the terror in montana she driblghted this pamphlet and spoke about the shorts murder across the country. This pamphlet also i want to note had a foreward but the sister of helen so odeay shorts sisterinlaw in addition to the social Workers Party the they pressured governor, the director attorneyov of San Bernardino to investigate the murders. Since odeay short had been refrigeration engineer he also had been a member of the Labor Movement and the cio in particular put t pressure on ste officials to investigate the murder. Now, state attorney general Robert Kennedy did begin to investigate the murder and the plan as he promised in independence investigation. And nothing came of it. Much to the disappointment of this organized resistance, and editorial and deliberate summed it up. What any person can no with entire certainty is that the shorts was a victimmed jim crow he kept the shorts from finding home in los angeles and jim crow kept him in a role of a violator of tradition which he built his loss on the purchase. Jim crow worked a sense of duty to the extent they themselves had joined in a plan to deprive an american citizen of his constitutional right. All of the shorts did only jim crow is alive. Now, this story doesnt quite end there. Because jimmy in 1946 stepped up his effort to investigate the plan. Here you have kennedy here on the far right with two of his Staff Members one is in a clan cocktail and 1946 the clan stepped up his efforts to terrorize black homeowners and this costed timmy to hisstigate, continue investigation of the clan. That year in 1946 the plan burned crosses and homes of many black homeowners across Southern California it also burned across in front of the Jewish Fraternity because fraternity hadd support an end and of 1946 kennedy and colin clan members entered office. But again, the results were disheartening for thosega seekig justice for the shorts. He foundti no evidence of socalled vigilante activity to be directed at the Africanamerican Community and montana or against mr. Short personally. Now many people wondered if kennedy would respond to murders was linked to his governor that year. He went up against earl warren and was defeated. But what kennedy did do was help of an l. A. Superior court judge is to revoke charter of the ku klux klan there shall making it unlawful for the organization to hold meetings in the state. As charlotte bass had a confrontation knew this was largely symbolic because in 1950s clan activities resumed and from a picture of 1952 that a photo in the examiner led new intimidation and read a caption there of the kkk that were on the sidewalk and that the home of a negro teacher was in South Central l. A. And clan attacks continued into the 50s. Now, we also know that brown versus board of education in 1954 would require white supremacist to pushback against integration with new inspiration. Sora while the clan may have morphed into a different kind of organization in the 1950s it had not disappeared. So just going to close here. The threat that segregation saw in men like odeay short was many layered. They were educated men with good jobs theyor could purchase property. They could vote. They could inhabit public spaces and institution. The channels that Lauren Miller charlotte tay, california eagle and los angeles sentinel against plan was formidable and back threaten they never acted alone joined by the cio social workers and activist such as mcwilliams California Movement against restricted housing ran broad and deep. Individuals across the state few of them remembered risked everything to cross the color line and move into neighborhoods that were known to be watched by thein kkk. Odeay short and his family the hicker son, aubrey and others sounded alarm against clan. The white supremacist violence of 1940s had new expression in montana but backlash and revival the clan became so successful that by 1965 president Lyndon Johnson ordered an invest into montana clan activity. Go years earlier an africanamerican captain in the u. S. Air force bought a house in San Bernardino only to watch it destroy by arsonist bever he and his family could move in. Little changed in the 17 years sinced murders of the shorts. Golden state had long published applicants punished aron americans who dared to challenge segregation some pay with their lives. Thank you so much for listening. Thank you so much thank you lynn invite anybody to put questions they might have for lynn in the q and a box and maybe while people are starting to do that i could get in my question [laughter] i read a quote by you in an interview when you were talking about this and you said that at school you learn about you note about chicago but you dont share stories about los angeles orb the west. Why do you think that is and do you think thats changing. Thats a great question. Now, of course my recollections are dated and i think that, you know, School Teachers in the west and in california are doing so much to teach children about resistance and the Civil Rights Movement in the west. Thats right soipted to say they were teaching about the west i personally didnt learn about the Civil Rights Movement in the west during california or even in my hometown. You know, i grew up in past pasa a lot what i learned about i learned acquaintances and teachers but not the approved curriculum but i learned from teachers like stokes who was my 8th grade teacher who taught us about blacke history in a program that was kind of extracurricular. I learned story, heard stories from Matt Robinson who worked at my high school who told story about Robinson Family that i recount in my book so i think that things a lot of things have changed since public school. But that one of the reasons that, you know, its left out of the story is that its left out of the textbook its not the fault of teachers necessarily its the fault of textbook. With textbook gets to the chapter on civil rights its always right Martin Luther king, jr. , south, montgomery, alabama, maybe d. C. , maybe chicago maybe. All right so that also has to change and with the work of the scholars that i mention at the beginning of my talk i think that its changing. But we also have to start seeing Civil Rights Movement and right supremacy as national phenomenon, right, and the resis stance against White Supremacy as something thats national much of southern. Exactly. Th i have so many questions but i go to i go to do this one and reminder we will f check the box as well but a q and a and get through them in order. The first one from the list how education restrict housing for people of color . Looking at that connection there. Okay. So very we cannily at end there when i was reading from my book, that the backlash against brown was phenomenal across the country. All right . That unanimous decision that segregation was not equal, though, we know that it didnt necessarily get implemented in the n ways that, you know, folks might have liked. We know that the backlash against brown was phenomenal and something were still living with today. Those of you that are interested might want to look about at Nancy Mcclean book democracy and change where she charts the waysen that think tanks and psychological larceny and politicians who were part of the backlash against brown who were against brown people and fighting immigration so the way they saw scenes of the modern conservative movement so what youre asking is the link between brown and restricted housing so what i was suggesting is that its not always called a clan backlash but against browns the clan becomes apartment of that. Broad conservative backlash against segregation and against brown people right, and that violence that violence that that that experience 1963 right when he bought a house in San Bernardino to see it go up in flame thats still a t part of e backlash against the civil rights brun and backlash against the Civil Rights Movement and their successes. Right . That, black and brown homeowners were targets of violence and intimidation and co policies, if not laws after brown. Theres a couple about your book, to the rise of the second klan in the california be tied to migration . Oh yes, i cant believe i didnt say the term great migration, thank you so much. Absolutely. I was talking about, it is the third klan, 1940s klan i talked about the murder happened in thats directly linked to the influx of black migration, absolutely for those of you who read, you know about that in the history of the migration great migration transformed california, right . It was astounding how many africanamericans came from the south especially from louisiana and texas into no easy route is part of that great migration so. Some have been there for generations but many of them are migrants. Not oshort, he lived in los angeles 25 is already so he wasnt a recent migrant but absolutely. So thank you. They wanted to know about oshort, he passed away . Talk about leaving off an important sentence, sorry. Yes, i left that out. Two days after his family died, he was told the hospital and his friends and supporters were trying to not tell him. He was in the hospital with severe burns and try not to tell him his family had died. But the va staff went in to question him which certainly would have been illegal under his condition and said im not in any shape to answer your questions and they informed him that his wife died and the children passed away. I think to be honest we can talk for two hours and still not cover absolutely everything. But one question, based on your research what is the relationship between private property and white premise and domestices terrorism how is that personal resistance and the relationship first between i guess the destruction of private property right which is which isra what the clan was one of the tactics. So yeah, so one of the things theres so many angles so many things to say about that. Thank you for that great question. One of the things i think so important about the property that we were talking about tonight is that it was particularly threatening to white supremacist that africanamerican men were owning property. If you think about that first clan, right one a of the things that the first clan targeted were newly freed black men and women who were voting and who were free and trying to card out a piece of land for themselves. All right. So o if you know anything about that first clan you know that they often targeted black entrepreneurs. So if you know anything about wells and her story about the brothers who owned a Successful Grocery Store and clan murdered them that was one of the things that inspired her to be continuing with journalism to leave with the south and come to chicago. So in some ways this is not new. The fact that the clan targeted in california, black property owners, actually is a continuity there between the first and second and third clan right, we just dont relate with california so it had a particular residence that black men were because it was not associated with masculinity. Right . And if you think about the gendered role of the 50s and the 40s right. Plan arend and third very active and policing gender roles. Anything theyve heard about smoking in cars, feminists, they were all on the plan so that was one thing and the other thing was Going Forward this work. Thank you, thats a great question. Writing this book for a long time and this in particular ways the premises and violence and perpetrators by Police Departments. E they have memberships that showed as early as the 20s. Lapd still was members and the costly told her leaders in the middle of the night do not answer the door so they planned to be the same so that informs my present concern, Police Violence with whats happening with the death of george floyd, breonna taylor. We are trying to understand this kind of violence but also understand the history of the and the resistance to it, its not new here today tell us it is not new so we need to be sharper in the understanding of it and thats how it conforms. Try to Pay Attention and it hasnt changed. C in 1921 or 45 and 46, a lot of continuity. A couple of questions, if your literature included schools, are you on the reading list . I dont know yet because i havent been out for a year yet but i do know is going to be on the reading list of College Courses but i dont know. That was one of my hopes and i wrote the book, something for many years and i talked a lot of teachers going into the classroomks and i this book is taught in class. In Northern California to her talking about one chapter and this is the civil rights in the 1960s in the bay area. Many other books have been looking in that. A host of colors have written about this. That was not what i set out to do. What i wanted to know was a lot of my students know about civil rights but they dont know jim crow has a long history in the west and a long history before so that is what i set out to do. What it looks like in 1960, where do these systems come from . That and come out of nowhere so we dont cover those, all of those ways that california was part of this movement. That is not what it is in this book. Regarding educating students and textbooks are published and there are not focused on helping. The question about the state as a whole, i do have a chapter about the bay area so my first two chapters about the bay area and the black community so i dont cover all of these up and down states. Thank you for asking these questions. They are continuing segregation, what hope do you have for the, changes that might mitigate segregation . I dont know about that, i wish i knew more about that. I dont know how thats going to go but i will say thank you for that question but it ties into the question of how it is changing my current thinking. How it more send changes so they dont have this anymore, they are with the naacp, i got struck down but we have segregation. Theres no dogs so i guess that is something we all are students of this. How does it work now . What kind of things do we need to fight against . It obviously doesnt look the same but we can see it all around us. Their connections between anti chinese sentiment in california and very strong so it is the same room. That is a great question. That would be a great question on an exam. The anti Chinese Movement in the first chapter this claim with deconstruction and the way in which this was called the anti chinese sentiment and there is a lot of overlap there, the fear of getting to the 15th amendment to the fear of chinese immigrants in the Historical Society is says you want them to vote on their tickets and things like that and reconstruction california. The roots of the clan, i dont see a direct line there but there are so many ideological connections. The link between anti immigrants and anti black sentiment are all over in california and plans so you dont see the member, we do have records that show that but it is a different generation. Absolutely the only, this is important between anti immigrant sentiments hand and like black and obviously national. In the second plan, it is so obvious in. You can find similar cases and American Families experiencing this. Mexican American Families or victims and take them to a local jail but they are not admitted and there are some absolutely they were part of the claim. The homeowners absolutely and talking about segregation and mexican American Families have black families and asian families and the segregation policies that will allow them to only be one day a week. One is called negro day and then changed to national dayan. I didnt talk very much about this tonight. Is a lot and examine what it is about to hit people are different than we are is astounding and yes, the book exceeding and it is so informative and important. For so long in this Public Domain and people are like these are the things we should absolutely know about. How do you think this in california and what it should be in the state today . Thats a good debate question. One of the things that i think happens there is we see the clan comes in and out of focus and focusing on this, theres just one group of white supremacist thats particularly visible. The question but there are many groups w that have these names n the Civil Rights Movement so one thing i mentioned during the Civil Rights Movement, some even after the raid reveal bostons around the list because some of them would get fired so there are a lot of folks who were segregationist and so important to recognize. It happens more and more. The folks pushing that again, success of the black freedom were not always played like that. So the connection is that White Supremacy morphed into something that became more respectable. It wasnt respectable if you have certain jobs in the 1960s but you could be a member of others and organizations or just numbers of Homeowners Association and prevent them from moving in and they got along the loss about the connection, it changesti shape d we need to look for other ways that White Supremacy operates. They were ultra widespread. Another great question, i looked and looked, i tried to find an example and thats another thing, sometimes it is around her, they are not always documented that there are certain places in the state where black and brown people they knew, all people of color knew it could be dangerous in that neighborhood. I know that from growing up in l. A. , i knew that and as a white tteenager i was in a car and ty knew but i didnt actually write, i didntri find any. However, the success in the state, there were towns that were threatening people of color. When i was growing up, dont go alto glendale with the board of education and its enforcement in the 1960s, that meant there were certain areas that were known, white families moving so they wont be left over there. That is kind of a california version. Did the book talk about the 60s . Outut get to the 60s. I love that story and i want everyone to learn, that law and such an important part of the story of california segregation but again, i was trying to yeah. White colonial nation and White Supremacy, how see that coming out . Thank you for mentioning that. I write about the ways in which americans were enslaved in the state. You should definitely check out this book because it is amazing. I absolutely think we should make the links between the ways of nativeve americans were enslaved, in prison and the way the land was taken and how it began and landowners have that. Some of you have read city of inmates and i think the link she shows her are so clear between colonialism and the mission and get to l. A. You cannot think about segregation in the state i can talk aboutut that, absolutely pt of the story and they are set up for takingg land and they get st of four imprisoning and just the practice of setting up segregation because it originated before, obviously but especially native americans of thank you. Talking about these restrictive that is specific. You can find online, you can see examples that have the covenant. It just means you buy a piece of property, you get a deed. It says i can never sell this property or rent this property. It was bragging about california and he covers the pamphlet in which he says californians love to vote and i love to vote becauseov no one does in california but you can premise in the state of california because i cannot this property and it could say so it is very expensive but they almost always say negro. And it is against restrictive covenants. They dont get to h have it on themselves but it was the most successful so if you can find this, if you can find property deeds, you can find the online, and im pretty sure the librarians no. I think somebody put 1948. Is part of the legal team so one of the reasons we have an amazing record is because the main person on those, the experts in the country was california. He became part of it. So to take this to the huntington library. Maybe you could enter this in your research and it is conceptual framing and there are so many californians. Im sure this line in the text. Thank you so much for that question and yes it is of lupine. Its one and i didnt know how i would encounter it in my research, i didnt know where but it ended up absolutely. I cant tell you always but i will say not only eugenics but you may know who answers this question, this foundation was founded in pasadena, my hometown. So it absolutely ties into the strength and white supremacist and into integration so my chapter on this in california, i write about how it no accident how it is drawn to integrate their pools because it has strong eugenicist community so absolutely it is very important. They shouldts absolutely read during eugenics nation. Talking about this activity in california . Absolutely, thank you for that. I read the Western Division and i read the naacp papers and their correspondence on the plan so while in this chapter i did have this across the bay area, it was absolutely important, it didnt end up making it in the book because for the purposes of storytelling and the narrative, i felt it is one area but there was the victim of planned violent especially during world war ii era. I absolutely think the Labor Movement was essential not only for the story in short but pushing for justice for people of color in the state and pushing against White Supremacy. One of the reasons that i think we dont we dont see those connections all of the time we dont always talk about those coalitions probably because we sort of, you know, we focus on one group. Right one organization but also because it has to do with a anticommunist movement in california and red baiting. You know red baiting was very successful the l. A. Times helped lead that brigade as you know hearings up and down the state, really successfully washed right, and not only that. Not only communist activity but also the naacp with the west coast was thought to be right communist infill infiltrated that was a lot of anticommunist rhetoric out of the ncaa they were in a rock in a hard place there, right and they, you know, some chapters it was different from chapter to chapter. The l. A. Chapter and you can read about this in planning amazing book for freedom. They were successfully red baited and really, you know, avoided any kind of coalitions as was a national naacp and taking up their case since it was a strong advocate for the nine men who were arrested in alabama thats a long story but yeah. I got to get to every question before we have to leave and i wanted to ask toan put my email in the chat x so people can always send me their questions or have these and answer them after this talk. But one of them could you speak more so much you can speak about, how Law Enforcement reenforce jim crow in your book because thats important part of it and current Law Enforcement to be from policying policing, policy. I think theres no better piece of evidence that this has a long history than those membership lists than thousands and thousands and thousands of members, clan members live up and down the state and almost Single Police department have members on the list. So i didnt even get to talk about how in kern county because this one just a membership of l. A. The l. A. Office was a regional office. So numbers in Police Departments all across the state were revealed, and some of the newspapers published their names so i guess i guess youes know, thats one f the reasons i picked that chapter tonight wanted to tell that story because i think the surprise i think was way past being surprised about this. Right. We know, we know that this is a history in the u. S. Police praskts in vielings violence against africanamericans i think as members black lives matter have shown us we need to move to new strategies so i look forward to joining you and thinking about those new strategies. I was hoping that you would come become and speak again because i get i think theres when you cover so much even though you have a certain time range but, of course, were in that time range theres so much. So i do hope everyone will join us and end up last question yeah absolutely. Yeah. Absolutely i didnt say Homeowners Associations but sorry any of you familiar with how these work. Homeowners associations were in the forefront absolutely yeah the story just segregated housing big story it solves bank loans it involves Homeowners Associations, it solves a clan and involves i focus on tiny part of the story tonight. So absolutely. Homeowners associations very successful in california. Yeah. Uhhuh. Thankes you so much lynn, i apologizeo to people who didnt to you but well try to answer themo after this program and ths program will also be recorded just as reminder and it will be on our Youtube Channel also a link how you can purchase the book with jim crow happen to be back here, and thank you so much. We hope to have you here to talk again we really appreciate your time in coming thank you so much for everybody thanks for the wonderful questions. I really appreciate it. Yes. Incredible. 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