[cheers and applause] narrator it was not so long ago in the history of mans voyage to a better world that ships were carrying eager passengers to the shores of a new nation. Our forefathers were constructing the foundation of this nation by interlocking inseparably the blocks of our political and economic dreams. [band playing Yankee Doodle dandy] [martial music playing] narrator the way of life our forefathers established on this foundation of freedom drew people from the far corners of the earth and all those who stepped foot on these shores had the opportunity to build a better life for themselves. Even young jonathan, and unskilled lad from across the sea hoped to find a job where he could progress according to his ability and enterprise. As the years passed, jonathans earnings increased. But he still felt for a man of his skill it was about time for another raise. Am i not the best beard crown rounder and to brim trimmer in the business . Mmhmm. Then verily, i think i am worth more moolah. That you are, jonathan. Im sorry, lad. No raise . I quit sales and profits down, phooey. I can run this business better myself. Hey, why not . My own business all i need is a little capital, a little push, an idea. An idea. There isnt a decent hat. In the entire village. And such prices imagine paying that much for a coat why not . Womens hats. My own business narrator fortunately, jonathan was thrifty enough to keep a nest egg for such an emergency. The cost of the building took care of the nest egg, and there was nothing left to pay for the necessary tools and equipment. But happily, jonathan had a good reputation, and as his idea promised to profit, his friends and neighbors were willing to invest some of their savings in his new business. In the nick of time, an enterprising chap showed up with the Raw Materials to make hats, and before long jonathan was , open for business. First, he had to advertise. 12 new hats thats a lot, 30 days to pay your bill narrator jonathan demonstrated the superior style and quality of his product. He set a price for his creation the consumer was willing to pay, and sales dollars poured in from satisfied customers. Jonathan had big dreams of the rewards of being in business for himself, but before he could buy what he wanted, his employees wages had to be paid. He had to pay taxes. And his friends who helped finance the business had to be paid a return on their investment. When all of his bills were paid, jonathan had to exchange his big dream for a little dream. Madam and mademoiselle hats the privilege of the stylist to all the crown heads of europe to bring you hats so feick,he quality, man u magnificent, and the price, so low. Ooh la la come one, come all to the grand opening. Narrator to meet competition, jonathan had to plow part of his profits back into the business. He had to develop a better hat. If customers approved of the quality, style, and price of jonathans new designs, he could still make his dreams come true. With the passing years, the Strong Foundation of freedoms protected the dignity of the individual and his family. It gave everyone the right to worship as he pleased, promised anyone with ability and drive and enterprise the opportunity to participate in the building of the american way of life as we know it today. A way of life that depends on millions of thrifty americans who send a portion of their savings to work in our Business System each year. People from all walks of life, workers, firemen, housewives. All of us. Send our dollars to work in our Business System in the hope of earning dividends or interest on our investment. Anyone who has an insurance policy, a bank deposit, or a share of stock is helping the to finance our Business System, system. A constant stream of savings dollars must flow into big and Small Businesses each year. These dollars help to buy the land, the buildings, the tools and equipment, and create new Job Opportunities for our expanding population. The goods that we produce are distributed throughout the main streets of the country. While the main street of today does not look like the main street of jonathans time, the principles of our businesses Business System look the same. Businesses still compete with one another for consumers and spendable dollars, and the consumer is still mighty critical of everything she buys. After all, competition. Narrator the management of every business has a continuing problem, to improve their product to stay ahead of competition, or else. Ok, men, this is it. Quick chill has the ball. Weve got to get it back. Give them that new product play. Better style. Better quality. New features. And at the right price. Hit the line, men. Lets go. Micrometer, wrench. File. Calipers. Slide rule. Narrator in addition to creating a better product, management develops new tools and more efficient methods to help workers turn out more at a price mrs. Consumer will pay. Narrator new features of the product are advertised and pointed out as competitive advantage. The old magic permafreeze with plenty of room for groceries galore the automagic permafreeze with the Automatic Door just press the button for your ice a feature that is , new and extra space all over the place for other items, too. And the automagic permafreeze you will see your dinner right away get a permafreeze today oh, yes, permafreeze is you your kind of refrigerator. High quality at a low price. Narrator sales dollars from satisfied customers once again flow back to permafreeze. A successful business must have enough sales dollars coming into o enable management to pay the cost of doing business such as salaries and wages, materials and supplies, research and product development, plant maintenance and repair. In addition to all of these bills, management has to pay taxes to local, state, and federal governments. Any money left over is known as profit. Wise management plows part of it back into the business. The remainder of the profit is paid out as dividends. [train whistle] narrator these dividends are sent back to investors as a reward for risking their savings in the american Business System. Although, occasionally, some of us will pick a lemon. And have to take a loss. The constant investment of our savings, through good times and bad, has enabled our competitive Business System to increase the production of more and better goods, to meet the demands of a rising population for a better standard of living. For example, it was only a little more than half a century ago that the average worker had inefficient tools to help turn out a product. Low production meant low wages. In 1900, most men had to work 10 hours a day, six days a week to earn enough money to provide their families with the bare essentials. Hand labor was the rule in the home, as well as the factories. In many families, the youngsters had to work to add their earnings to the Family Budget and forego the opportunity to get an education, and with most families in those days, the standard of living left much to be desired. A halfcentury later, we had invested enough in our Business System to provide the average worker with efficient machinery and expensive buildings to enable them to produce in a 40hour week and earned twice as much as the 1900 worker earned in a 60hour week. This shorter week gives us more leisure time to enjoy a standard of living beyond the wildest dreams of anyone who lived to have a century ago. Lived a half century ago. The more we earn, the more our families have to spend on things they need and want. Young people today have leisure time for fun and enjoy Educational Opportunities denied their fathers and grandfathers. Fortunately, we have been able to raise our standard of living without sacrificing the spiritual side of life which means so much to the american. Our Business System has provided a better life for our increasing population, in spite of Destructive Forces that have pounded against our foundation of freedom to no avail. However, wars and the threat of wars interrupt the normal operation of our competitive Business System, and may result in government controls which crack the essential blocks in our foundation of freedom. In world war ii, wages were controlled. Many workers were frozen to their jobs. Farm prices were controlled and profits of businesses were limited. Raw materials were allocated between essential and nonessential business. On main street usa, many of us found less to buy because a good portion of our productive capacity went to the war. Prices were fixed, and the available supply of goods was rationed. In war emergencies we allow the , government to restrict certain of our freedoms, but we americans have learned to remove government controls as quickly as possible and to repair the blocks in the foundation of our freedoms to allow our Business System to resume normal operation. While we invest part of our savings to enhance the Business Systems, the same time, we pay taxes to government to finance many kinds of services which also contribute to our way of life. For example, our taxes provide the necessary funds to expand and improve our school system. Our taxes must the sufficient to for cityficient to pay streets, health, fire and police detection, and of course, aid to the needy. Our state taxes help pay for highways, educational institutions, and among other things, help finance experiments to improve the productivity of our farms. Our federal taxes pay for irrigation and reclamation projects, the national parks, postal services, the weather bureau, and many other services. Our taxes have to pay for the enormous past of wars and provide funds for the Program Program that will ensure the safety of our country. In addition, all of us should be willing to pay whatever taxes are necessary to improve and expand essential services. But with our present tax load, we should avoid pressuring government for any new services that are not absolutely necessary. We know the more that our government provides, the more taxes it is forced to collect. [train whistle] narrator none of us can escape. Big business. Small business. Farmers. Workers. Housewives, and all of us have to pay our share. Demanding more and more from government could create a tax burden heavy enough to crack essential blocks in the foundation of our Business System. Therefore, we should not allow our taxes to reach a point where they destroy our ability to save and invest, or, as we have seen, our rising standard of living depends on the constant flow of savings into our businesses each year. Narrator in the future, waves of Destructive Forces will continue to batter against our foundations. When any force weakens the interlocked blocks of our political and economic freedoms, as good citizens, we must be quick to use the tools our constitution gives us an repair any cracks that may appear. As long as we keep the foundation of our Business System strong, we shall be able to maintain and improve the way of life that our forefathers conceived and established. A way of life which gave everyone who came to this country the chance to progress. Like the youth of yesterday, the young people of today deserve the same opportunities and on this foundation of freedoms, continue to build a better life for themselves and their fellow man in the world of tomorrow. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2017] you are watching American History tv, all weekend, every weekend. To join the conversation, like on facebook at cspan. Org at cspan history. Yes, this is the commonwealth of puerto rico, a land of song and laughter. In the warm seas of the atlantic and the caribbean. Capital of the island, was an important city 100 years pilgrims landed at plymouth rock. Today, it is the crossroads of the western hemisphere. In thisn any street hearearold city, you will spanish, see spanish signs. Every square block presents a sharp contrast between old spain and main street, usa. Columbus discovered prudery go in 1493. This house was built in discovered puerto rico in 1493. Rico, the flag of puerto proudly waves beside old glory. Ceremoniesr leads touting the islands new status as a commonwealth with its own constitution. Heroes of correia, some of the 5000 american troops who served heroes of korea, some of the 5000 american troops who served valiantly. Puerto rico, american citizens all. Today, puerto rico has come into its own, a real democracy area democracy. The adornments on these boats symbolize progress. Canou are in a hurry, you get to san juan in six hours from new york or a four hours from miami. Low fares are available. Are no customs barriers. The u. S. Dollar is standard currency. More than half a million passengers each year ago through this air terminal. They call this san juans gold its resortcenter of hotels, casinos, and nightlife. The beach hotel has a private. Ceanfront beach club its a vacation paradise 12 months of the year. Breathtakingly beautiful, a gem in the tropics, this fabulous hotel. Even the approaches are modern. Is airconditioned. Here truly is living fit for a king. A hotel based in sunshine and splendor with a private paving lagoon, swimming pool, and recreational facilities. My oh my, the old Swimming Hole never had anything on this. Tropical treats, too. Coconut milk, a delicious puerto rican rum. This is really living. Nearby is port san geronimo. This is the newest hotel. Plus, listen to unique caribbean music from antigua. Sawedoff steel drums and an oil drum serenade. Here are headquarters for big game sports fishing. Catches have been made in the fishing waters here. Historicalpular has moren in san juan than 30,000 tourists visiting each year. French, dutch, and british tried vainly to capture it. 400 years ago, people were port for on this protection. Gold at a fort . Seeing is believing. Sportiest onf the the island. Baseball isnt just a game here. Its a crusade. Broad avenues in san juan lead to residential districts warehouses resemble where houses resemble those in florida, new york, or california. Architects designed to homes for comfortable living. Everybody grows and loves flowers and puerto rico. These are red ginger blossoms. Homes for everybody. Housing gets top priority in puerto ricos booming economy. Many Public Housing apartments are springing up throughout the island. Take a trip over modern concrete highways into the country. Well, am i dreaming . It sure looks like someone turned back the clock 100 years. Its the revival of an old coconut festival just 45 minutes from san juan. How would you like to see this the morning after . [laughter] much of puerto ricos charm lies in her agriculture, in the warmup lens near manatee at lands extensive pineapple plantations. See harvests like this everywhere. Just stop your car and watch. Yum, yum. Juicy spanish red pineapple is the sweetest of all. Exotic fruits of the tropics. Bamboo dots the island. Sugarcane, backbone of the islands economy, brings in around 150 million annually. Over a million tons each year are shipped to stateside markets. The harvest season is from january to june, a site tourists never forget. Thirdlargest city on the island is a typical Spanish Colonial community of 60,000 people. 13 miles away is san hermann. Puerto rico, as you can see, is small. Colon named it center mont in honor named it in honor of the kings wife. On the south coast of puerto rico, on the caribbean, spanish conquistadors planted many of make their trees to journey on horseback cool and comfortable. Fishing is the main attraction. One of the most amazing Tourist Attractions in all of order rico, the phosphorescent bay puerto rico, the phosphorescent day. At night, a trail of white light follows the wake of your boat, a site you will never forget. But, if you want contrast, you will find it here. Here is the city scene from a hill. It has a cathedral and plaza. It is the second largest city in puerto rico, a proud stronghold of old customs and culture, and it retains much of the charm lost to progress in other parts of the world. A was named for ponds at lyons of the fountain of youth de leon, seeker of the fountain of youth and puerto ricos first governor. There they go in a blaze of color. It could be a fire, but its only a practice. We are on our way across the mountains from the Caribbean Sea to the atlantic ocean. This is one of the most spectacular trips anywhere on the island and takes just a few hours. It is really chilly appear in the evenings. Here in the evenings. This part of puerto rico is the same as when it was discovered by the spanish. Forest. Grow wild in the until you have eaten one ripened on the plant, you have never really tasted bananas. Swimmingsummit is a area and recreation pool. The water couldnt be cleaner. Down the mountain we go to the beach. You are there in about half an hour. What a beach. Say, it looks like we are in time for a fiesta, a big one. Yes, it is a pig roast. Definitely puerto rican, and with all the fixings. Coconut milk is always a popular drink, cool and refreshing. La lechenada is just about as old as puerto rico. It happens every day in every city. The pig takes hours to prepare, even by next third. By and bert. Xpert. By an e mmm, and i mean it. The sun shines every day and puerto rico. Food and good company under a blue sky. It all adds up to a vacation you never want to end. Well, folks, we are on our way home. The magic of Fiesta Island will hot you long after you have ro. Sed el mor someday, you will return. Nobody here says goodbye. Only hasta luego. Interested in American History tv . Visit our website, cspan. Org history. Tours,ectures, Museum Archival films, and more. American history tv, at cspan. Org history. Next, david valdes talks about his photographs of george h. W. Bush, which he took as the Vice President s personal houserapher and as white Office Director from 19891993. Theill see his behind scenes photos of the Bush Administration the Briscoe Center for American History at the university of texas recorde