Have a special welcome to our cspan audience. Thank you for joining us for tonights program. Tonights program is presented in partnership with the physical ruling which is celebrating its 100th anniversary this year. We thank them for their support. For the next four days we are commemorating apollo 11 and the first moon landing. We will screen a celebrated documentary of apollo 11 from newly discovered video at the national archives. Its very moderate with todd douglas miller. Friday, july 19 we will show two films in the afternoon that started in july 20. Upstairs in the gallery be sure to see our documents through details that were necessary for success of the apollo 11 mission. The plan for the hour that they landed on the moon, pages of the new transcript and the itinerary. Those documents will be on display through august 7. To keep informed about the events another way to get more involved is to become a member of the arkansas foundation. Supports all of our education and outreach activities. This is a World Wide Community that would show an understanding of earth and space through cooperation in research. In 2011 she was chosen for americas top leading leaders, she was featured in stem. Welcome christine makkah t. [ applause ] thank you david, on behalf welcome to tonights special events, small steps and giant leaps how they shaped our understanding of earth and beyond. We support scientists so they can advance and communicate science and power to ensure a sustainable future. We are proud to call represent this year as an organization. They were founded the world as a very different place, however despite the centuries worth of change, the ability of earth and Space Science to improve our society and a desire of scientists to provide that benefit to humanity has remained the same. As has the odd discovery that all of us witnessed if we had a chance as i did as a 14year old girl in a small town in western pennsylvania to watch the moon landing, on a black and white tv. Earlier in the year i was always interviewed without recently theres an expedition on the International Space station. During our conversation he spoke about the residence of the mission. Helsel drove home that they shared the resource on the first landing was geoscience, including the collection of leader samples, the deployment of scientific instruments, and core samples on the surface. We will continue to play a similar role in other planetary missions. He spoke about how theres a course space on his latest mission. He saw the changes that they have affected our planet and other phenomenons are impacted are surface. He experienced what astronauts would call the overview effects. Many astronauts see the fragility of our Global Environment and how we all are protected and nourished by her planets atmosphere. Boundaries between missions disappear, and issues of separate people are viewed as less important. Any to create a new society one that works to protect all the inhabitants of the blue dot that we call our home. During uncertainty and change to earths climate and the enterprise all of us particularly the Scientific Community must join together to address the concerns, like all of us and those who are part of witnessing or being on the mission, we have to be creative and passionate, committed and determined. We must advanced research and do so with the integrity and transparency that is the foundation of scientific discovery i am proud to introduce the president dr. Robin. Robin has been a numbered for more than 30 years and became president in 2017. She is a past president , and was elected in 2011. She received her undergraduate degree and her phd in geophysics from columbia university. Their platonics rivers, and mid ocean ridges. Please join me in welcoming dr. Robin. Welcome. I am very excited. Were going to have this wonderful event first i thought i could think where was i . Thats one of my favorite sessions to ask anybody, where were you when the apollo 11 landed . Everybody was a Little Community that was jammed into the room, because she had the only tv in the community. That about 35 people in the room. I should actually look a little deeper than just the couch. This is what i consider my legacy. I began to poke around at my it institution. They had a lot to do with the physics of those apollo missions, i knew there was a gravity meter i had been tripping over my entire life. I went looking for it,. I wasnt there. I checked all of the closets with the low gravity meter and i got brave. And put the oceanography building, and yes there is tons of jellyfish in the seller. I knew those were not from the moon. I kept on looking and i finally opened the door and there it was. They went on the back of the vehicle they had they had these very important lessons that you dont give up, because he wanted to make it. When he first tried something, the only got one measurement, apollo 16 is the first time there was a swear an apology from astronauts to the scientists, because something bad had happened. It was a misstep that they tripped over and pulled the wire. By apollo 17 astronauts are on the moon and they are talking about how not to trip over the e flow. You can be really patient and you can get what you want we went to the seller again and this time i took colleagues. What did we find . We found piles of boxes in the e flow instruments. Its been wonderful. You learn the stories of the measurements they made and how the velocity of moon rocks isnt that different. Published in science magazine. It just shows that scientists can be very patient, and have a sense of humor. I hope youre going to enjoy the program as much as i am looking forward to tonight. There are some amazing people there that we are going to learn from. I realize now that having watch the eyes lie went back on the trip on the seller, this is how inspiring all of this work is. This is here where the parents were. And it lights up their eyes. So, now i am very pleased to introduce dr. Jim green who is masses chief scientist who received his phd in space physics of iowa. They developed the space physics and the network. Is a director of the planetary scientists at nasa. This is the new flyby. Please join me in welcoming dr. Jim. Im glad the rain isnt coming, because we will have an exciting time tonight. We are going to talk about apollo 11 and we will talk about its legacy will talk about the science that we learned and how it moves forward and discovers many moves about the solar system. Its like to be a real exciting time and we will also talk about the future of exploration. Without further ado i want to mention a couple things. Everyone should have some cards. These are important, because you can write questions down. Hang onto them in addition to the audience, you also have the remote viewers. Let me read on twitter what they should send the questions to so e. G. You 100, for those online please get ready with your questions, and tonight he to have a moderated panel. Im delighted to ask about the panel. We have some of the best scientists in the world. Those that ive worked with apollo 11 data. And all the way to it. Let me begin with introductions. I would like to invite some it onto the stage. [ applause ] next is dr. Sean solomon. He is the director of the observatory. Sean. We also have heather meyer. Heather is at the lunar and Planetary Institute in houston texas. [ applause ] last but not least stephen out. Is the professor of environmental and Planetary Sciences at the university. We are going to start out by talking about the legacy of apollo and what it meant to the country. Out of this panel, two people observed the landing. Much more as a working scientist. There are some fond memories i am sure. What was the feeling of the Science Community i was a graduate student. So, we had the anniversary of apollo yesterday. The saturday will have the anniversary that evening. Through july 20. I would say that theres probably billions of people around the world who are watching that event all over the globe. They brought many together to look at the technological achievement. It really was a technology after kennedy announced his speech in houston, challenging the country to go to the moon before the end of the decade. Bringing back. Theyre touching early space program. Is only four years. Within eight years we could carry out apollo 11. Agencies and resources and had really amazing engineers. Figured out some very challenging problems. One of the things the community realized was they were witnessing a remarkable event in history. Scientifically, the mission was enormous and important to our perspective of how our planet fits into the solar system and what the early history was like, and i cant understate the importance of the mission in particular. There the most sophisticated. Theyre ready to look at the templates. The movie, we learned that they are volcanic. Is the product of an early stage in lunar history when the entire part of the planet was militant. And the crap formed. It led to an extension of understanding of the history of the planetary system a part of the system of our planet that is not in the record. Im not trying to realize all of that, but thats what happened, it didnt take long before the committee realized. We are celebrating the 50th anniversary and a lot of people in the public think of it as he were human inspiration. One of the starting things that i saw we walked down and as he looked around and saw how the wind is on the surface and how deep the lakes might have been crushing into the you dont know if its piling up in certain areas. He was right off the bat. That was pretty spectacular. There was a total of six that landed successfully. It wasnt the most ambitious. The opportunity to do size models at the study of the events and the impacts of meteorites using the numbers. What about the interior structures. You sent a system on apollo. The very first passive experiment carried by apollo didnt have the power sources. They could not understand. Than the power ran out, and it stopped. We think about it for a year prior to the mission. The top five choices, is first. This is the mindset that they would see signals, and you could see energy that didnt have the arising phases. He said they rang like a bell. And the apollo 11 signals when nobody figured out what they were. That took another model that had power sources. They asked nasa for permission. They go back down to the moon where it would crash. Crash and create seismic waves. The first time they had a source to which they knew at the time. It produces like the ones on apollo 11. This is what they look like on the moon. You can understand how different the moon is from here. Theres a variety of differences, because they are fractured and broken up. They go on for hours and instead of minutes. Lesson was, if you take a in an experiment you interpret what you find. These are fabulous sets of data. We call the little plaques. Have a scientific career. We collect variety samples and they had about 50 pounds worth of samples that they brought back. Why do we need those samples . What do we learn from those . The samples are not just a souvenir. Just how the moon, or the bombardment of giant impact seller in the first billion years or so after the solar system is initially formed. Was great about getting whole rock samples from the moon you do 100 different experience experiments. Its because of this that we can address a much wider diversity of science questions that you can up your instruments that you can put on. And you can have a higher diversity with different scientists with different perspectives addressing those. From that perspective, many actual rock samples are integrated. Rocks falters all the time, but whats great about the sample is we know exactly where they came from and we know what geology they represent. Thanks to the samples we learn really incredible things. We learn the earth and moon are very similar to each other, and that in some sense we have a common origin and this led to this giant hypothesis that you may have heard of. That it has an impact of a largesize body, and all this debris that was launched, we wouldnt know any of this without the samples. We can date rock samples from impacts hitting the surface and melting rocks. We go we know about the impacts that killed the dinosaurs on the first 2 billion years of earths history is big or bigger 300 times based on the loss that we developed from studying the moon. That is the power of lunar samples from the apollo missions. It is fantastic that we get to work with them. Over all omissions we brought back about 840 pounds worth of lunar materials, as it came back the first thing we did was we set aside 35 not to be looked at. It was done that way because as you learned things about what we had in her hands, we refresh new material that way. Over these last 50 years, our ability in the laboratory to look inside these rocks with a ct scan, and the individual atoms getting isotopes they are a complex sample that we are provided. This year we are opening brand new samples that we have never opened before. With the panelist think about some of their great images from the apollo program, and we have asked them to give us those and lets talk about these. Heres our first one. This comes from apollo eight. What did you feel like when you saw that . I think its one of the most compelling images to come out of the program. As you may remember it was before the lunar landing, but since the first around the moon before they came back. When the spacecraft came from out of the shadow side of the moon to view the earths rise over the horizon, they took the famous image, and it was quoted in the post that all three were struck by this image. Because of the beauty of the home planet, because its almost the only color in the sky, because you could see the fragility of the atmosphere and we rely on it with every breath we take. You could see land and you could see the ocean, you could see from space theres no political boundaries. And the contrast with the usual moon was more striking than we can appreciate up to that moment. I think the magnificence of this space view of earth, and that the changes that the timing has implied to the atmosphere it made it less habitable place than it was 50 years ago. Shows how precious this is in our solar system. It took adventuring to look back for another ancient service, and give new appreciation to our home, and Walking Around the newsstands, you can grab a hold of this and have this very popular it was very front and center. It was inspiring. They werent the only three that were inspired. I engaged one of the great images of the last century. This is one of my favorite photos, its from apollo 15 actually, and its a picture of commander dave scott. I am a sample scientist. This is my bread and butter. You really get a sense of how they were going about it in this photo. You see that he has a bag in his left hand that already has a rock and it. To them, use nothing of this larger rock. On top of it is this funny stick, is called an old man, and it saves a shadow, was cool about it was when youre on the moon, you dont have a compass that can tell you which way is north, south, east, or west. Figure figure out what direction was what. This photo is amazing because it gives you a sense of how they were going about their business on the surface. You the footprints in the soil. You have the best self he of all time. Theres a reflection of the other astronauts spacesuit and camera in the image. It goes to show you that instagram is not a modern phenomenon. They totally were rulers to the era. These were really pokey suits. It was hard to pick up material on the ground. They had a variety of things they would use. One of the answers not want to pick up his heavy rock. The put it is pretty leg up against it, and with one of the rods that they had with the picked up rocks he rolled up his leg and threw it in the box. When we look at our rocks in the archive today with a reorientation cube which talks about where they are punctured when its collected. We try to maintain all of that data. This is an image that captures a lot of what apollo 11 astronauts armstrong was doing on the service. In the foreground we see thats the size thermometer that sean was talking about earlier. It was solar powered. They were able to install quite quickly. They lasted a lot longer. On the top of that you see a white stick that is actually the antenna that allowed us to get data back from the moon to the earth. Behind that you can see what that looked like. It looks like a white triangle. This is an experiment that is still operating today. From apollo on the surface of the moon. Is a retro reflector and its purpose is to do a better job of reflecting laser lights from the surface of the moon. This was a genius experiment, because it required no power, just had to fit their. And all of the technology go advances happen here on earth. We used this to measure the rotation of the moon distance of the moon, and the major things we learn about is, what is the inside of the moon look like . How does it respond to the title im in the background and you can see other iconic parts of this apollo 11 image. On the far distance you can see the television camera. Will have to deal with this difference. Many of you probably seen this image before. It depends on the properties of the surface. One of the things he did was he to the properties which is just the topsoil essentially. So we can derive information to orbit. It may not look like much, but if you are a Sherlock Holmes fan. Yeah this large imprint that there had to be space between the grains of dirt in order for it to compress. This is the changes depending on the forest. That affects the way we see light reflected back to the surface. Its important for making sure that we are interpreting things correctly when you look back down. They have these little rods that stuck in. Is the uppermost part of the soil that was not as course as we expected. They could sink just a little bit. Its perfectly sufficient. And for ground operations, they need to know that you can move around on the surface. Things like this are a critical consideration that were beautifully demonstrated. We have a surprise that it was not as course as we thought. We really get excited about a variety of things that maybe people think. Is really exciting discoveries. What are some of those things that would be interested in yelling that you really got excited about. Let me open it up to the panel. I could talk about that. It used to be magnetic. You probably know that the earth has a Magnetic Field. The static Magnetic Field and youre probably wondering why this doesnt matter now. Thats what im going to explain. If i go to the image of the moon, this is an artist conception of the Magnetic Field that used to be on the moon billions of years ago, esther several reasons. So, Magnetic Fields are almost like the heartbeat of anybody, they are this invisible, but detectable signal that tells you that there is some activity going on inside. In a case of the process that is occurring is an organized motion of molten metal, hot iron at the center of the planetary body. Is moving around around so they can generate a Magnetic Field. The planet is alive and its going down. Its driven by thermal conduction inside of the planetary body. Is to signal that the moon is active. We did not learn much about it