Its. The beginning of a new era in astronomy for the 1st time scientists have detected the ghostly particles that are not just extraterrestrial but extragalactic. They come from millions of light years away where stars explode or super massive black holes swallow cosmic matter in tremendous full disk neutrinos theyre among the most abundant particles that exist at the most mysterious every 2nd 100 begin of them restrung bodies are close to the speed of light without occupant noticing they move on hindered through the universe because they can fly and hes ok through most matter. The neutrino the closest thing to nothing we can imagine. 0 size 0 charge mass very close to 0 and it interacts so weakly with everything. But somehow or other the neutrino isnt what it might be the key to the universe. For astro physicists the universe is one huge laboratory and which most things still have to be discovered. The matter of which the stars planets in sr like gas clouds and humans are composed only accounts for a mere 5 percent of the universes mass the rest is an enormous im so puzzled the human eye is woefully inadequate to see everything in the universe astrophysicists are looking for operators that will help them investigate the tremendous events in the cosmos for which they have any number of theories but precious little concrete information soon in the end for they are not simply neutrinos and in our case neutrinos with particularly high energy they are neutrinos conveying a message they are messengers they tell us something about the object from which they come to us is object must be something in which incredibly high energy is released many times higher than in the some. Good cooking so we are looking for instance at neutrinos arising from dark matter and i lay ssion processes these may give us an indication of what dark matter is is. 10 years ago an International Team of scientists started to build a gigantic detector to catch these High Energy Neutrinos in one of the most remote places on the south pole. Even the ice the scientists are looking for flashes of light triggered when a neutrino collides with matter. With immobile drilling station the Research Team has melted countless hopes kilometers deep into the Antarctic Ice cap. Here the ice is so deep into pure that the detector which measures a cubic kilometer has sufficient space and ideal conditions for hot water drill which draws down its own weight as it melts the ice has prepared the way for photo sensors in the Crystal Clear. The other layer of the ice sheet consists of snow the snowflakes changes there are pressed down deeper and deeper over many thousands of years from graceful ice crystals to compact transparent ice. To meet a high flakes are transformed into fur a layer of compacting ice more and more snow presses the air out of the 3rd it becomes denser and even more compact until finally it is a body of ice almost free of air. The scientists have introduced photo sensors the size of basketballs into the ice on separate strings like threaded beats up to a depth of 2 and a half kilometers within a single day the drill hole freezes close to. Yeah. When the works completed cubic kilometers of ice is full of sensors. The gigantic detector is now ready. Deep within the Crystal Clear ice where it is pitch dark follows ins of highly sensitive photos sensors wait for minimal but far reaching traces of light. And these traces only occur when a neutrino collides with an atom in the ice in 2013 scientists found the 1st conspicuous light signals in the ice cube detector. Doesnt appear as its coming from we cant trap and you tree know it self when it interacts with matter very rarely if were very lucky it collides with an atomic nucleus releasing secondary particles some of which move hundreds of meters 2 kilometers in straight trounce through the matter for me and disappear behind them they pull a cone of light which is called chattering called radiation after the man who discovered it. And this light is what we tanked with the ice cube and we found High Energy Neutrinos for the 1st time ernie and bert. That they had such high energy that it was extremely unlikely they were created in the earths atmosphere exley. The steel in the it atmosphere thats why. These neutrinos must have come from outside our solar system. When such a High Energy Cosmic neutrino which is much smaller than a atomic nucleus collides with an atom in the ice it creates a light signal that spreads over several 100 meters. To discover is of ernie and bert with a breakthrough after decades of research. Scientists worldwide are searching for these messenger particles from the distant universe also on the other side of the planet in europe a Research Institute on the french coast often is a base for a tremendous Mediterranean Project the cubic kilometers neutrino telescope came through. A small prototype of the deep signorino detector already sense data here. Each box corresponds to one of the strings. Cross represents the. Height of the time of the photon that was detected. 20 years ago we started the development of the. It took some some while to learn. The tricks of the trade of how to build very large infrastructures very deep in the sea with in fact 12 strings but the project that were building now came through that will be many hundreds of strings so this will dramatically. Increase the chances i guarantee that we will be able to have. Detection of cosmic neutrinos neutrinos are all around us but we have no idea where they come from these elementary particles that have a 1000 times more energy than those from the Worlds Largest particle accelerator the large hadron collider in geneva. Tributes one of the most trivial neutrino sources humans all of us have potassium in our bodies a small amount of a radioactive isotope of potassium potassium 40 undergoes beater decay which produces neutrinos that. Our bodies emit between 45000. 00 neutrinos per 2nd. But more important ones for us physicists are solar neutrinos which we have already identified in fact on every square centimeter say on every thumbnail 60000000000 solar neutrinos arrive every 2nd and they fly through us irrespective of where were standing facing away from the sun or towards a torn a deep cave imagine 60000000000 neutrinos as. The sun burns hydrogen in its core at a temperature of 15000000 degrees celsius light particles and also neutrinos are emitted the sunlight we see has required thousands of years to pass through the sun successive layers only the neutrinos leave the core immediately just 8 minutes after their creation they reach the earth. But these are low Energy Neutrinos. We used to when were looking for neutrinos that come to us from entirely different processes not from Nuclear Reactions but from massive excel aeration process is due to cosmic accelerators like the l h c accelerator in geneva that exaggerate many many times faster with much Higher Energy were hoping that cosmic neutrinos will give us information we cant get from any other source. Neutrinos are a small part of the cosmic rays that constantly rained down on the earths atmosphere weve known about this High Energy Particle radiation for more than a 100 years but where and how the particles originate is still a puzzle. All we know is that it consists largely of atomic nuclei mainly protons. Here in the mediterranean they came 3 neck detector will be built in 3 sections one of them off the coast of italy another of the coast of france and the 3rd of the coast of greece. They will be 4 kilometers underwater and digitally perform a job. And detector. In its maximum extension came 3 natural be 10 cubic kilometers large whereas ice is the detecting medium of ice cube at the south pole the detecting medium here will be liquid water. But deep sea conditions make entirely different demands on the planning and construction of the detector. To read the data from the water the scientists are installing an infrastructure on the seabed which will gather the data bundle it and transfer it via special deep sea cables to the analysis stations on the coast. With an instrument the engineers call worm which uses extreme water pressure they dig a deep channel into the upper layers of shell and stones until they strike the harder layer of rock. Part of this Solid Foundation and accompanying diver lays the cable and immediately covers it with shell limestone and mud for protection. Seitan south of berlin is the location of one of the leading centers of neutrino research. The german electron synchrotron daisey. This is where a team of particle physicists developed the sensors from which ice cube at the south pole is constructed. In either glass and his glass feet you see a photo and multiply tube it is inside here and its very light sensitive. On these in the sense that if as of when a single photon strikes they signed it produces a tiny electrical currents which can be read out by the elektra module thats located in the upper part of the sensor or darfur. Were calling it when here let me show you the sectors like the hole in the sea up this is the this is the glass spear that protects the sensor from the enormous pressure deep in the ice. On the minute and inside we have the elektra nic module which amplifies and digitizes the tiny electrical current and then sends the digital signal out to the surface. Thousands of synchronize sensors measure the precise time and strength of the light events and communicate the data. In the laboratory of the researchers are already working on the next generations of light sensors they should be cheaper simpler and more efficient one idea is to conduct the terrain called light through coated tube the scientists are looking for ultraviolet light. The post doctoral student yakob fun son tim is getting ready for his 1st assignment at the south pole. You have to be really fit to fly to the south pole i have to get a thorough medical checkup and thats when i get the ok ill settle for Christchurch New Zealand south island ill have to wait there for quite a while until the weather conditions are just right. This is that often on the fly 8 hours to the antarctic coast and then maybe after a couple of days take a flight of 2 hours to the south pole. Response service on supporting. And ive been working on the ice cube project for a long time but ive never seen my experiment im really looking forward to. Going to such a special place which only few people have been to so far in and. The journey to the south pole is an adventure for the young scientist the antarctic use larger than europe its surface includes land a continental high sheet and a gigantic ice shelf 98 percent of the region is covered in snow and ice some of the sea ice surrounding the southernmost continent melts to less than 3 new. Square kilometers one 6th of its winter surface because of the altitude of its terrain the extremely low temperatures and low precipitation the antarctic is also one of the driest regions fact the Worlds Largest desert. Its summer here and its high season researchers come to the south pole in summer only a Skeleton Crew remains during the dark cold winter to keep the detector running. Everyone who comes here is excited to reach the south pole but some suffer from altitude sickness from the moment they arrive it takes a few days to a climatologist. For the resurgence the new Amundsen Scott south pole station is no aces in the middle of the ice deserts it guarantees their survival. The station can accommodate several 100 people everything here is simple and practical. But scott and amundsen who are the 1st to reach the south pole more than a 100 years ago would be astonished by the comfort and technology. This is an astrophysics hot spot deep in the attorney the researchers are discovering cosmic light signals. Ice cube are searching for neutrinos that have flown through the earth ones that entered the northern hemisphere. Ones that end of the Southern Hemisphere a look for the mediterranean for only neutrinos can fly through the earth. The canyon 3 detector will also search for patrick. That have traveled through the earth since the mediterranean is more than 5000 meters deep katon year on the east coast of sicily is no ideal spot for research station. The team of european scientists is here to install the 1st section of the detector on the seabed. Physicists have adapted the structure of the photo sensors to deep sea conditions. Water pressure salt and sea currents are formidable challenges the sensitive electronic module has to be protected to make the most precise measurements at any moment. And i do feel that i feel the difficulty is that these objects have to be placed at a depth of 4000 meters. Up and we hope it means everything has to be correct. Because its extremely hard to pull them back up out of the water to repair them. So everything has to work perfectly before the Mission Begins in the sea. Thus getting that in. The physicists register the sensors so as to be able to sort the data they will receive from the day. In the Scott Amundsen station at the south pole jaco from santa is not feeling at home he can reach the ice cube on foot. To. Come up to hell if there is not a full day for almost no wind summer temperatures of minus 30 degrees celsius glorious sunshine. Sure the station is about 500 meters behind me and in front of me its only about 500 meters to the ice cube laboratory we have since im going there now to see how our detector is doing it. Too steve these rods and flags are the only parts of the ice cube you can see on the surface most of the detector lies one and a half kilometers beneath my feet of. Ice cube is a superb neutrino detector a gigantic high tech ice cube. Buried 2 and a half kilometers deep in the it turned all iosif the south pole. Its dark down there and diocese extremely pure. Light is able to travel through ice cube without much scattering. The eye is of the telescope watch for the tiniest flashes of light 5200 photos senses register the weak lights of the particle traces which can travel many hundreds of meters through the ice. And. When light signals are discovered the sensors transform them into electrical signals and conduct these along the steel cables to the surface to the ice cube in a bar a tree. Into the brain of the telescope. The 1st Computer Center has already been installed in ice cube. Registers all the data from the ice field is it roughly and then sends it to Research Centers all over the world. Data from each of the more than 5000. 00 census in the ice is gathered here. This is the detectors control center it receives its power from here. Thousands of meters of cable. And cupboards full of computers. Day and night a small team of scientists monitors the electronics in the ice cube. To keep the detector running some of the scientists remain on the ice during the winter. Then it is minus 70 degrees celsius here always night. The sun stays below the horizon to the moon follows its regular course. This is perfect for viewing the iridescent conan lights ionizing solar wind that meets the earths atmosphere and is diverted to the park. But now during summer at the south pole when its winter in europe the sun never sets. It circles the pole at a fixed distance to the horizon the rhythm of day or night this is suspended. The day has 24 hours of sunlight and you cant oriented yourself on the suns position. Its just a single day that never seems to end. The arc of fun sundins trip to the high tech detector ice cube in the Antarctic Ice tens after 10 so decades. Looking for the needle in a gigantic haystack the scientists continue filtering the countless events in the ice until they come across the decisive light signals. This is the raw data and its what we see the whole detector but not in real time ive only read out one second here. But thats a 1000 times slower than real time can you switch to real time yes then the clip last one second then blinks wildly. Filtering the data more and more the researchers arrive at their goal. The 600. 00 metre long like trail left by a particle so small that its invisible. Doesnt even for now we really only see where there was a strong light signal. Yes this is the trace passing through its a new one producing terrain called radiation which has been picked up by the sensors you can see that very clearly and that. Bernie and bert are no longer alone. Since discovering them researchers have been able to identify other cosmic neutrinos. The one with the most energy to dates they have named big bird. I think it was awful is that in movies were hoping to be able to identify the sources of these high energy new trainers as soon as possible the big question is how is this cosmic radiation produced how is it exonerated what are the cosmic accelerators that must exist i hope i dont have to spend the rest of my life researching just these questions but i definitely want answers to them the sooner the better. Downtown berlijn location of the zeiss planetarium. This is one of europes largest planetariums and the City Administration is making it one of the most modern. The news of the extragalactic neutrinos fascinates the director. To show them in the planetarium dome the reopening would be sensational. Planetarium director tim florian horton is a specialist in visualizing cosmic phenomena. Using the most modern projection techniques he wants to make the latest developments and discoveries intelligible to his visitors. The berlin planetarium is a modern theater of science. In them and us nice and whenever anything new is discovered we want to talk about it and show it. We can help people understand neutrinos best that we can show their path through the cosmos. That works very well in the planetarium because our audience gets an idea of the enormous distances in the universe and that id signed. Lines on in real time of course they would need months to fly through the solar system so we have to suspend some natural laws that we fly faster than the speed of light to a place where in reality we would be destroyed by radiation if we ventured beyond our milky way we wouldnt be able to see other galaxies because our eyes arent capable of collecting light that long to be able to identify them and least someone for tones im in this moment in this and its a fine line were treading here we want to be scientifically correct but also intelligible for the audience and so we have to make compromises and signed. Vik accuracy to make it understandable here clay sickly Translation Service for science in with that revision shaft. To visualize the newly discovered neutrinos horn meets up with a neutrino researcher christiane should be a very. Visual artist in the Animation Department at the potsdam bubbles bag film studios. Their aim is to bring a cosmic neutrino to the screen to make the discovery of an invisible object comprehensible to a wide audience. None of them knows what a neutrino really looks like. Just saying if we want to represent neutrinos what can we show how do we conceive of a neutrino how might it move through the universe. As it is. I just imagine how a neutrino moves and i imagine Something Like a trial of a jet plane without seeing the plane itself a 1000000 interested in how it flies its found through some object or i simply imagine a neutrino as the greek letter you knew thats enough for me basically what i see is a formula for actually seeing a former formula stated so then i ask myself where did they come from how do they move and where are they headed. In that im the neutrino i fly through space so subjectively its subjectively its called. Various galaxies approach i leave them behind then comes empty space then at some point our galaxy our solar system turns up and then a blue sphere in the distance so thats the earth. So far spearing has only thought of neutrinos as particles without. The shape of the visual artist presents him with various ideas. You know thats more like an atomic model not a neutrino for me a neutrino is more like a point without a result structure very very tiny screen that would do was ok next suggestion. Was a model thats more luminous and intangible with the oscillation on the outside. Of all this and. This is this looks more like a dance so nice elves capering around a green sphere in the monitor in the right hands with the with those bands and say a strange oscillation. The slope of this one is interesting and out of focus might be more interesting and makes me think of solar eruptions through the vicinity as perhaps the problem is that certain images are already familiar with this one probably looks like star trek and it walks around indecisively in space. Guns are all excited yes very excited to trina many happy of 44 i saw Something Interesting in a computer preview a sharply defined sphere rather like a billiard ball even if those edges could fray out or blur i think we would be capturing the loosely particle aspect. Again but i would make it smaller here. If you for me its just a bit too big in relation to the screen for this shows not through cause. No problem. Yes like that lets try that. In the center for particle physics in mass say the french Research Team is getting ready to install the 1st came 3 net the tech to train. These are the the eyes of the of the telescope and the focal multiply is a very very sensitive to light they can catch just one single photon. The human eye actually requires about 7 folks on the before you can trigger that you detect is a thing whereas these are much more sensitive than the human eye and we need to measure the position where the photon arrives. On the detector with a few centimeter precision of course in the bottom of the sea we have the sea currents and in fact everything is slightly moving so inside the optical module we have some very precise accomplices which measure the rotation of the sphere and its inclination in all directions. In the rare event that a neutrino hits the nucleus of an atom in the ice it creates a new one which emits light that activates the individual sensors on its flight path from the direction of the flight path the researchers can reconstruct the position of the neutrino source. The amount of light that we. In the telescope actually depends on the energy of neutrino so if a low Energy Neutrino wolf interact the wouldnt be very much like its worth when its a very High Energy Event the whole detector will be will be lit up like a christmas tree. And 3 net will be a powerful deep sea detector counterparts of ice cube in the northern hemisphere. Each detector string is 800 meters long and carries 18 sensors the size of a basketball. If you were able to walk around on the sea there amongst the forest of the things that i think would be quite impressive sight seeing. The telescope is not reject it floats on the water current so every sensor has to continuously redefine its position thats the only way the researchers can determine the direction of the neutrinos. Back to the animation studio. From the planetarium tim Florian Horne has brought a Software Program that can simulate the known universe. In these vast spaces the team tries to create a Straight Path for the neutrino from its source to the earth. The graphic card a graphic card or a Computer System cant manage to represent these large scales properly we have to use a trick. In earliest the various coordination systems and so basically what fly faster than light. Unschooled to do but even when were crossing matter whether its an asteroid or the earth it would be good to try and zoom in on the atomic level i mean the level where as a neutrino i only see an atomic nucleus in front of me but a few electrons circling it because at the end of the day an atom is an empty system through which the neutrino flies completely unhindered basically the whole of earth consists of these empty systems and thats why its permeable for neutrinos. The atomic level should show why the neutrino can fly on hindered through walls and hold planets flight through the void. In must say the researchers are preparing to transport detect a string. The scientists roll a string with the sense of spheres into a big ball they have developed a special anchor to secure it on the seabed. The final step in the construction hall is to load the road up string on to the yellow anchor. The 1st sensor train is ready for shipping together with the anchor its loaded and sent off. A Research Vessel transported 40 kilometers offshore. Tonights the 1st came 3 string is due to reach the bottom of the mediterranean at a depth of 3 and a half 1000 metres. Slowly at a speed of 12 meters per minute the anchor and senses sink on to the sea bed. They are accompanied by submersible robots steered by engineers on board the Research Vessel. 4 and a half hours later the load reaches the bottom robotic arms attach cables linking the anchor with the deep sea infrastructure the transmits energy and information to the coastal station. Then a boy hoists the frame. The sense of string unwinds vertically from the metal frame like from a board and releases the individual photo sensors to their specific final positions. Assembling the 1st detector string is successful. Many hundreds more will follow. Soon came 3 net will also be able to identify extragalactic neutrinos. In the berlin planetarium the research Animation Team wants to take a look at its 1st results cosmic premiere screening. Scientists view the universe as a gigantic lebar a tree for testing the validity of basic laws of physics and to investigate regions in which gravity density and temperature are extremely high there where stars explode or implode and a black hole was created. A cosmic explosion and a gigantic particle accelerator a 1000000 light years away. And enormous ject sent out by a gigantic black hole in the heart of an active galaxy. These jets can reach hundreds of thousands of light years into Intergalactic Space there celebrate the cosmic rays thereby producing neutrinos. Neutrino flies slightly slower than the speed of light since it has only a tiny mass at no charge other particles dont slow it down effect it from its flight path so it can past some matter without risking a collision. Terms of which our bodies a major consist of more than 99 percent empty space between the nucleus the center and even tinier electrons circling it theres a great deal of space for the new treanor nothing but an electrical field. But unlike most other particles the neutrino doesnt register electrical forces. It has to collide directly with a nucleus for it to be a star that occurs very very rare. This rare event can only be discovered with the aid of the gigantic detectors. Only by chance and with a tiny probability estimated by the scientists theres a neutrino collide with an atomic nucleus in the ice cube. Its a variable extragalactic neutrinos to be identified for the 1st time the particles dubbed ernie and bert are mega stars of astrophysics. You havent written to convince covering these cosmic neutrinos we have opened a new window however we havent opened it fully just a crack we know theres something there but we havent mapped this new landscape yet. Coffee yet. To me its not clear from the if we find more of these particles than trace them to definite sources it will be like a mosaic coming together. Through someone from then well be able to say how the source is really function is how the wild is machines in the cosmos where. When is and to give there are highly developed civilizations in the cosmos perhaps they dont want to be spied on by underdeveloped civilizations like ours its really the truth. Is or maybe they decide not to use electromagnetic waves to communicate but something quite. Different. For instance new trainers with us just imagine one day wed see a kind of morse code from extraterrestrial civilizations in neutrinos in neutrinos. In. The. Quadriga International Talk show for journalists to discuss the topic of the. Coming up on quadriga there has been a seismic political shift in turkey after the opposition c. S. B. Party won a vote for americans in that countrys biggest city istanbul join us on the abuse International Talk show as we discussed. Quadriga and 30 minutes on d w. Welcome to the future. Looking for a taxi. One that makes earthbound traffic jams of the past. Sounds like Science Fiction but its not the 1st electric air taxis are already up and running and sometime soon theyll be flying autonomous new to. The world today even trying. Minutes. To read. Not everyone who walks books has to go insane. The d. W. Literature list 100 must reads. Cut. This is you dont reduce life for berlin all eyes on osaka the worlds greatest economic and political powers gather in japan Global Leaders of the g. 20 meeting get ready to tackle 40 issues ranging from trade wars to mid east tensions were in japan with the latest also coming up