Agriculture in many parts of the world has already entered the digital age whats driving machinery on the fields and Artificial Intelligence controlling every case. Now scientists are looking into High Tech Solutions to replace harmful pesticides and herbicides all over the world toxic chemicals are used to protect crops with large quantities sprayed over theel. But could a robot do the same job without the harmful side effects. Those little plants dont stand a chance theyre being examined by a laser burned and killed roots and all. Robot weed killers like this prototype may stalk the fields of the future. Its being developed by scientists at the university of bonn in germany. Devices like this could try. Form the entire business of we control and crop care. Day and night robots could check for disease watch out for infestations like insects or fungus and kill the weeds among the crops stomping is an alternative method to zapping. Theres a lot of Artificial Intelligence behind these little models if they do their job well the use of herbicides could be slashed. In a national id as weve reached the point where we can sharply reduce the use of chemicals im confident it will indeed happen in the field of weed control this is just as he and. The smart robots need to distinguish between weed and crop and between healthy and diseased plants and rarely if ever get it wrong. The day i learn from comparing a huge number of photos Computer Vision algorithms detect and classify the plants. Robots on the ground will also team up with ones in the air drones equipped with cameras surveying the land and passing the images on to farmers all the little helpers in real time. The idea is to identify problems far more swiftly and efficiently. Here plants that are subject to stress are colored red sources of stress include disease pests and lack of water. When a drone tells a robot that something is not right it will set down to take a look and solve the problem perhaps all by itself. For now the prototype needs a lot of help for example finding its way to a field. That still operated by Remote Control and sometimes needs a helping hand. Eventually it will find its own way and know what needs to be done and do it zeroing in on a wheat or sickly plant. Quines a target that was up with its laser. In the robot still needs more refinement. Was to we control we need 2 or 3 more years until it works really well and the technology can be put to practical use another aspect will be to help farmers integrate the systems into their Operations Team and in between. That will require them to learn more about robotics. People often view many farmers will need to get up to speed with respect to digitalisation and technology and mass theyll need to develop their skill set we are trying to promote that its going to mean quite a big change. A revolution is in the making although experts say it could well be a decade before we see cultural robots roaming the worlds farms on their own. Unfortunately small scale farmers are unlikely to benefit from that revolution even though all together they work more than half of the worlds Agricultural Land their individual funds arent big enough to warrant buying a robot. Not an exciting discovery in germany thats telling us more about early farming traditions we did back to the neolithic age when humans began to give up their nomadic lifestyle to plant the land. This is how it might have looked back then a small lake where you can catch fish on the shore a few carefully constructed huts inhabited by people who form cooperative communities the nearly think age is one of the most interesting epochs in human development. Period in which hunter gatherers became farmers. The remains of one of our early ancestors is currently being analyzed by cheating in university in southern germany its the skeleton of a woman who died in 5300. 00 b. C. The discovery is giving archaeologists insights into an era that leads directly to the present day your kind offer additional she doesnt have any obvious signs of disease but we can see that she has worn down teeth because she grain the grain was ground with millstones which left behind grid and highly interesting we have evidence of tartar and to take a new disease that emerged at the time when you eat grain sugars are formed that attacked the tooth enamel and so for the 1st time in these burial remains we see all these diseases of modern life emerging that are still with us today. The woman was buried in typical fashion for the time on her side with her legs drawn up to her chest. Graves was found in. Close to tubing and it was one of the 1st settlements in southern germany where archaeologists have found ceramics the remains of burned down houses and scorched grain its one of the most significant neolithic excavation sites. But were excavating a village inhabited by the earliest farmers in this area. Something special were talking about sometime around 5500. 00 b. C. And i use that sort of fundamental change in lifestyle. That people switched away from a nomadic hunter gatherer lifestyle and began producing their own food with livestock and farming. They started to build homes and put down roots and. The woman who skeleton was excavated was one of these early farmers she lived to an age between. 30. 40 what makes this discovery so special are the things buried with her 16 fine limestone beats archeologists believe that she was wearing them on a leather strap around her neck the discovery was an absolute stroke of luck up to now such strings of beads of only been unearthed in the balkan region and the carpathian basin in hungary. We found helen the form of these speeds is really unique in our area in Central Europe as a whole we 1st thought that it was a more recent find but carbon dating has shown that this grave is from the same era as the settlement. Mine cop site and so we have a series of fines that are unique up to now and that we will now analyze in more depth. To analyse and bill. Genetic analysis indicates that the 1st farm is the rived in Central Europe from South Eastern Europe bringing that emetic aged animals and cultivated plants the beach woman of annabelle as she has been dubbed is now providing new insights into this Migration Movement the newcomers not only brought a completely new way of life they probably still retained cultural contacts with their roots to the homages of the individual in this grave comes from this generation of migrants and that doesnt necessarily mean that this woman came directly from the car paid and basin but her forebears did her direct ancestors. Lets say her grandparents came from the western carpathian basin to Central Europe interestingly we also have the string of beads this jewelry which shows us this link for the 1st time this is the 1st time weve seen this jewelry here. These leinster in deeds were fashioned very painstakingly they look like marble and show the fine craftsmanship that people were capable of in the neolithic age for the woman who died some 7300 years ago in this small settlement in what is now southern germany they were probably her most treasured possession the fact that she was buried with her beats also reveals a lot about this Village Community about solidarity and. But in copies of this grave of a 30 to 40 year old woman who was buried with her jewelry almost gives us a sense of what life in the village was like. You can almost imagine how this woman with the jewelry lived in the village and then was also buried there. Of course its those kind of moments that move us. The woman buried in rubble in southern germany was one of the 1st farm is in Central Europe in one of the most exciting periods in the history of humanity neolithic people set up the 1st villages forming tightly knit social units and began to shape the world in their image. So the 1st diseases of modern life were already evident in the stone age. Today is a much more widespread result of our modern lifestyle. That we still have the bodies of hunter gatherers which need to move around and not sit down all day. Sports can help to compensate for our in the active lifestyle we are curious and asked you what you do to stay active and what you like best about your chosen sport. Badminton best especially when he can play long rallies. Elisia writes that she loves swimming and shes lucky enough to live by the sea. He said yeah has played rugby for over 20 years he believes the world could benefit from his favorite sport thanks for your comments do keep exercising. But take care to protect your head rugby like american football is a tough contact sport head injuries can be a huge problem. Studies in the u. S. Have shown that american football can cause serious damage to the brain. Research is now also being conducted into the effects of head injuries among soccer players. In Contact Sports like soccer. Her collisions and blows to the body and head are negligible and as the pace and dynamism of the game increase so does the risk of serious injury. But an impact to the head can result in a traumatic brain injury with damage not only to the outer skull but also to the brain as. Head trauma has traditionally been underestimated with players injured on the pitch typically playing on. After a heavy blow to the head during the 2014 World Cup Final germanys Christopher Camara was allowed to play on for a full 15 minutes before he was finally substituted completely disoriented he didnt fact suffered concussion the sports authorities later introduced the 3 minute rule hes the door to the team doctor can now tell the referee that a plan has a head injury he is then given 3 minutes to make a diagnosis i mean would not stick and also mentally that dont it is science whether the game has to be interrupted thats right or. In some countries the authorities have gone a step further all players in germanys 1st and 2nd divisions had to undergo an examination ahead of the current season whats called a baseline test. Will stop the show and switch that is important test isnt something youre worried about as such you just want to see how argile your mind is how quickly you can take things in also compared to other players on this one if you do get injured its important for the doctor to have some benchmarks. The test covers a number of factors the aim is to assess a players memory capacity and concentration as well as their balance coordination and orientation the test scores provide a vital reference should the player suffer a head injury the results are crucial for comparison with post injury test scores. This can also call home offs the test can be of immediate help when a diagnosis is required on the pitch. It will probably have a more significant in fact when decisions have to be made about a player returning to training after several days of recuperating. In straining dementia. Doctors now have more insight into acute concussion from sports injuries but theres been Little Research on other issues sucker for example the potential consequences for the brain of hitting the ball regularly players might then develop chronic traumatic encephalopathy or c. T. E. Which has been linked to depression and dementia. Doesnt vice what we do know is that the brain can change its structure and organization as a result of having the ball but we need more information on the pathological impact where is the dividing line between what we would call a pathological under normal change to conquer all of us its not possible for given. Neurologist close heinsberg or has conducted a long term study to look at the effects of heading the ball during training and actual games over a period of 18 months he and his team recorded every single header by the youth team of hamburg soccer club the number of headers the speed and travel of the ball the impact area on the head and other parameters the results are due for publication in the summer. Well its just probably even just the Video Evidence but. The problem with soccer is that when we compare it with other sports with frequent collisions we see a lower rate of concussion does so feeling mentioned but the sheer number of people playing the game around the world means that we have a very large number of soccer related concussions. And that alone justifies more research that if your vision of the format. Banning headers says with the cited for under 11th in the u. S. Soccer is hardly a feasible solution but growing awareness of the dangers means that the beautiful game is already benefiting. But while its important to be sensible about avoiding injury the benefits of sports undisputed experiments with mice have shown that exercise even leads to the development of new nerve cells. And speaking of cells if youre intense anea sent us this question. Why dont our bodys cells live forever. Well theyre actually preprogramed to expire after a certain time take red blood cells for example they have a life span of about 4 months. And its time for the cells to perish the dramatic sounding event is called apoptosis and serves the greater good us. It applies to other organisms too of course in the case of frogs tadpoles the juvenile form have a tail. As they mature it gradually disappears thanks to our pop toasters. And by the time their adult frogs the cells that once constituted the tail have died and been result worked. With humans cell death begins before we are even born during early Fetal Development our toes and fingers are aware that membrane then disappears as our digits become separate and distinct up tossers also prevents genetically abnormal cells from surviving and passing on their d. N. A. Which might cause disease. The process is triggered outside the cell or inside holes then form in the membrane of the mitochondria enabling certain proteins to. The cytoplasm resulting in sold out. Without up optos elderly persons and testin would be 16 kilometers long unchecked growth and cell numbers would also lead to bone marrow when 2 tons theres systematic demise frees up space for a new young cells generated through Cell Division up to a certain point that as. The process of Cell Division comes to an end when we get old genes have a kind of aging clock called telomeres but why now thats another question. If you are right. Do you have a science question that youve always wanted answered it were happy to help out send it to us as a video text ovoid smell if we answer it on the show will send you a little surprise as a thank you card just ask. If you can find us at g. W. Dot com slash science on twitter or facebook. Before we go we have one more story for you and 50 is other separates that we produce in water almost environments frogs news and geckos for example all of them 50 and. They have one big problem 40 percent of all species worldwide are endangered mainly by devastating fungal diseases in europe one fungus has decimated salamanders is there hope for them. Every evening a group of biologists from like the hubert city comes to this forest in western germany to look for fire salamanders and theyve been doing this for 3 months now and most of the specimens they find are dead killed by. As for how many this location is kind of a problem child we found a lot of infected animals recently so we want to see if we can find any today. The light will be gone soon and the 1st salamander should be emerging from their hideouts the day was warm and dry something the dont like they take refuge where its cool. Theres nothing to be seen here for the biologists 1st came here last year to look for salamanders back then there were many but this year a deadly fungus has taken hold. The researchers know that it thrives at temperatures around 21. 00 degrees celsius is highly contagious and kills the animals within a few weeks. Now they want to find out more about how quickly the salamanders become infected and how the fungus spreads. Found that. The salamander isnt shy although it suddenly in bright light doesnt run away. Ok lets take a look can we see anything on the skin. Yes here we can see lesions these black rings. We call them skin lesions its a symptom of the bees all fungus. Pits. And the pathogen called the cell is a tiny fungus that eats the salamander skin because they breathe and regulate moisture through their skin infected animals die painfully. The skin swab will show how badly the salamander has been infected even though it looks healthy and its skin seems intact it may already be ill. Reports from scientists and then the other ones have shown how rapidly the fungus can wipe out a salamander population. Was discovered there in 20083 years later studies at 3 different locations showed that 96 percent of fire salamanders had been killed in 2013 the pathogen appeared in belgium decimating the salamander population within months. Scientists were worried that the fungus would move to germany and in 2015 it happened. Researchers spotted it near the belgian border as since 2017 its been found here in the valley. Anything like a month. 2 years ago if you came to sample a population like this youd have had 60 animals around you you had to watch out where you were stepping and now you cant find a single animal its a very sound. B. Cell is thought to have originated in asia and spread to europe by way of salamanders imported as pats european varieties. Are unfamiliar with a fungus and their immune systems cant fight it. Skin is already badly damaged the fungus has spread everywhere. And. Its helpless and it will probably die within a couple of hours. In germany the fungus is also being spread by hikers foresters and anglers b. Cell forms long lived spores its possible that the fungus was transported from the border region to here near essen by infected soil on peoples shoes. To ensure that they dont transmit the lethal disease the biologists disinfect the rubber boots after every trip to the woods. In the lab vanessa should studies the samples shes taken from the salamanders in the woods. Compared to last year the results this time are shocking. And last year we didnt find any infected animals that they spot and now half of them are affected. The deadly fungus is also being seen in captive salamanders but in contrast to salamanders in the wild these can be treated with heat. If the animal can survive 10 days at 25. 00 degrees celsius the fungus can be eliminated and the skin recovers. Still its an unpleasant process for animals that prefer a cool and moist. Heat treatment is an extreme process for the animals to go through but when you see after a few days that theyre becoming healthy again its a great feeling that you were able to help somehow have. The fire salamanders could survive if they become immune to the fungus but since it kills them in a matter of weeks theres no time to build up resistance but still hoping to find a salamander that has survived the fungus in the wild. The city not its like looking for a needle in a haystack but we wont stop looking out there all do our best. Guess. If they could find a salamander thats immune they could cross breed it with others and perhaps breed salamanders that are resistant enough to survive this killer fungus. Next show new revelations about the effect of Computer Games on our brain join us for that next week on tomorrow today until then. Mostafa camacho ter. The father of the turks. He created the modern state but his reforms remain controversial to this day. Was the man behind disclosure. Revered by some cursed by others how to chirk the father of modern church. Or. Im not thinking out of the general well i guess sometimes i am but i stand up in a way for that research and i think deep into the german culture of looking at the stereotypes aquatics put in here think the future of the country that i not. Yet need its a ridiculous drama they owe to me because its all that good. Ok look im a job join me for me to jeff and beat up the. Post. With him how to be done to go suckers will buy and if i had known that the boat would be found small i never would have gone on the trip but you know i would not have put myself and my parents so much danger to the bottom of the game of the going to give us legal. Love ones uncle deposit on the double digit of the give them i had Serious Problems on a personal level and i was unable to live their lives im going to. Want to know their story info migrants fervent and reliable information for margarets. Beethoven is for me. The truth is for you. Beethoven is for her. Is for the. Beethoven is for us. Beethoven is for. Beethoven 2020 the 250th anniversary year on deal done. This is d w news live from building site passage back on hundreds of americans are evacuated from a cruise ship in japan after nearly 2 weeks coronavirus quarantine being flown back to the u. S. On charter flights also coming up no laughing matter a top u. N. Official calls the libya boggo a joke thats off to germany holds amazing on the sidelines of the security conference in munich to revive a truce in libya and the cease fire in name only. Lasted least dont thin as bad