On earth thats around 400 for every human being. Fossil discoveries suggest the 1st trees developed more than 350000000 years ago and changed the world they increase the level of oxygen in the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Pasts and the leafs take in the sunlight Carbon Dioxide and water and use these to create oxygen and glue pests. Its the most important chemical process for life on us. Chicks sometimes trees are able to fully synthesize on a significant scale young south wales good precious little sunlight so how do they survive peter bullied and works for Forestry Department in germany he raises awareness about forests with the help of distinctly human then allergies. Mother trees recognise their own offspring. The much sugar solution its basically akin to nursing. So trees suckled their sampling really. If we took a look below the surface we find fun guy spinning long threads around the trees roots for the fun guy use them to supply the tree with nutrients that it would otherwise be an able to access in return literally supplies the from guy with sugar a system that benefits both sides. From guy link up with a number of trees simultaneously resulting in a huge network underground thats become known as the would wide web of. Young trees tap into the network and feed off the sugar provided by the older trees. Older trees with their large ground supply higher levels of sugar to the networks which is why researchers call their mother trees and remarkably additional fungal threads form connecting them to their offspring so that they receive more nutrients than other trees. Of course nursing is a term that only applies to mammals but its a similar principle as young trees flourish thanks to sugar supplied by their mothers. Forests can carry on growing and regenerating themselves for centuries that if they are left to grow. Every year an estimated 10000000000. 00 trees are found. Woodland that displays no evidence of human interference is known as primary forest these days not many such areas left romania is home to one of the last remaining primary forests in europe tucked away in a remote valley. Where in the remaining region of transylvania on our way to a forest thats about a 3 hour drive from the city at c. B. S. A group of scientists is doing field studies here and one of the largest and perhaps most beautiful primer. Forests in europe. For the scientists this landscape holds a treasure that is extremely valuable much of it is yet undiscovered. The forest is a virgin landscape that has seen almost no human intervention the boy or me cavalli. Is really special because its one of the last valleys. In the world in the zone of europe where is no trail is really wild is really difficult to access. The scientists from the university of prague have been coming here regularly for the past 5 years the remote valley in the fog a Russian Mountains is an ideal place to do research more than a 1000 hectors of untouched landscape from the mountain tops down to the valley floor thats rare in europe these days. Over 95 percent of all european wooded areas are manmade commercial forests so if you want to understand how a natural forest works you need to come to a place like boy and we can only hear can scientists study a forest ecosystem in its original natural form. Is really important to both of us especially in terms of for Climate Change values like these are the only places where we can really observe that how the 3 species we all naturally put on this conditions after climbing for 3 hours we finally reached the site where the scientists have chosen to count. Theyll be based here for a whole week from here they can explore the surrounding mountains and study the forest to discover the secrets. That. The next morning the group sets off equipped with numerous measuring instruments they had deeper into the forest. Making headway isnt easy. Whats more theyre clearly not alone. Here in their lives you can see the barefoot brains and you can see its kind of in line is a big so its going to be in the other anymore and theyre in this place it was possible oking for some insect. 15 bears are thought to live in the boy. But the scientists arent worried they continue their work undeterred and that involves measuring minute details of the forest they note the number of trees in any given area as well as their age height and species they also calculate the distribution and density of dead wood and they take or samples from the center of the trunks in order to reconstruct the history of individual tree. Wow that looked like a long needle doesnt it hurt the tree. Forest. Believes trees do indeed feel pain. Every organism can feel pain it has otherwise it would respond to an attack. Is that actually true researchers suspect that when a caterpillar nibbles on a leaf that is registered by pressure receptor is with. The tree then pumps a substance into the leaf that renders it an appetizing and quickly spreads it around to protect the other leaves from the predators well within the tree the relevant information is transmitted electrically as in a human body feast but feeling pain is not just a question of registering and reacting its an experience it has to have in humans and other animals that involves the brain and scientists have yet to discover the equivalent in trees. Trees do indeed respond to injuries even if they do not feel pain now back to remain near. Environment if im in. Between the 3 the. Mostly 3 and therefore be involved and both are moving. The project started about 10 years ago. In europes few remaining primary forests scientists selected Research Plots to focus on these us circular areas roughly the size of a basketball page they now have over a 1000 plots in 9 countries theyve taken just under 40000 which samples the groups archive is the largest primary forest database in europe. Every year we spend approximately 3 months in the field we did a lot of really big groups right now we are here in long thin. 25 people. 3 groups which are split into different valleys. Martin make large is especially interested in looking at how primary forests cope with Climate Change. The question is could they be at risk in the future. Complicated behind it is the extremes in temperatures are increasing bring in. An increase in disturbances such as. Drugs fires barring little or breaks does this increase in natural disturbances pose an existential threat to primary forests to answer this question the scientists 1st studies the past how often has boyer mikail been affected by bark beetle or drought for example in the last few centuries and how quickly was the forest able to recover their findings actually. We found out that the 2nd systems are well adapted and they can for a generate after this this are most humans. The scientists data reveals that the forest has repeatedly been hit by disaster and yet suffered no lasting damage. Believes this amazing ability to regenerate is one of the key differences between primary forests and those managed by human beings. Differently these forests are more resilient than many commercial in this forest. Because even in cases of for high severity a large scale disturbances we can see in our. Earliest several 3 survived even one for example where to disprove was disturbed the beach forest was still there and. The combination of the. Species after this to. Create. Diverse composition of the future for. As yet nicholas and his team dont know if the regenerative power of these natural forests will be sufficient to face the challenges of the future but they remain optimistic more natural growth and diversity also in our commercial forests is likely to be the best protection against the effects of Climate Change. During the day the forest cools down while at night its roughly in one degree warmer thats when many woodland has become active but what are trees do at night if they have a family and are able to defend themselves do they also see. That was a question sent in by peter still was from the united states. Do treaties sleep. We all know human beings need sleep our inner body clock regulates when we feel tired following the earths cycle of day and night. Animals also have body clocks that set the read them for waking and sleeping. Many flowers close their petals and hang their heads at certain times of day their resting periods also follow the rhythm of day and night. But what about trees. Well it was only a few years ago that scientists were finally able to answer that question with the help of laser scanners from dusk till dawn they skinned trees with infrared light. In each case they found that the whole tree droops that night. The clones of millions of laser scanning points revealed that the position of the leaves and branches changed as the night progressed they moved lower by as much as 10 centimeters. In the morning they gradually returned to their original position. But whether the trees like the animals around them are awakened by and enter a body clock is still not clear. But what is clear is that trees do indeed appear to rest at certain times of the day. Now its time to look at the forest fill the roots of trees can be enormous and link up with other root systems. That he shows that are around 60 percent of all trees worldwide are into linked by networks of fundy threads as we saw. These networks are thought to be several 100000000 years old to last the ground beneath our feet may not appear that ancient. But for tree its a vital source of life. Forester not vic papel and jug free professor clemons geitner pay close attention to the forest floor and what lies beneath it holds the key to a healthy forest. Theyre going to explain to us the profound influence trees have on the quality of the soil. In a small piece in this old spruce forest they examine the soil to a depth of one and a half metres. Of them as if. We can see here the various layers on the surface there are spruce needles the stuff the trees shed its a lot sometimes 5 or 6 centimeters deep sixed and. The needles decomposed to create a layer of humus which makes the soil more acidic the who took on the next layer down is the mineral soil with lots of tree roots spruces have very shallow roots and cant access the water or nutrients from lower down that is a disadvantage it means the roots dont loosen the soil or create channels for the humus to trickle down so the spruce can take advantage of the benefits of this good location and importance of. Nearby is a mixed forest of coniferous and deciduous trees which look big battle planted 25 years ago the fallen leaves quickly turn to humus. The soil layers here look quite different the earth is looser and crisscrossed by lots more roots. The site is this year and its it to the roots are much deeper and thats typical for a forest with deciduous trees that means the roots can access much more water the reservoir of vailable to the roots and hence the trees for evaporation and cooling is about 3 times as large and strong for it includes effect. A particular interest of the fine routes through which trees absorb water and nutrients forestry engineer Daniel Berlant has compared the volume of fine roots from spruce and maple the difference is considerable these 2 clumps come from a maple tree a depth of 10 and 40 centimeters. Well these 2 are from a spruce the more fine roots the tree has the more water it can access. But the scientists also find another difference between the 2 forests the one with deciduous trees as lots of earthworms which help to keep the soil rich and healthy. Agricultural scientists on a curler wants to measure the population of earthworms in this mixed forest. As mustard water onto a sample of soil among the deciduous trees drives the worms to the surface as they try to escape the mustard irritates their skin though its actually not harmful here we see how plentiful the worms are. Organic farming has focused our attention in recent years on the role earthworms play in improving soil fertility this been less interest in their role and forests but it is an interesting question. Because where the soil is in good shape the trees will likely be so as well earthworms dont like acidic pine needles a tall but they are drawn to maple leaves for example as they dig maze of tunnels they air at the soil make it less compact and more porous. Bearing symbiotic fun guy also make use of these pop ways whats more the worms help mix humans into the soil making it easier for plants to access nutrients. So deciduous trees and hans the soil under tract worms when it comes to the challenge posed by Climate Change it is factors like these that could help make our forests more resilient. Earthworms are good for the soil and helpful to tree but some animals and insects are damaging to trees especially bark beetles. Then there are cats that eat the leaves and then us can impede the growth of the tree when pesher out on the scene trees defend themselves by pumping toxins into their leaves. Amazingly neighboring trees do the same even if theyre not under attack forestry expert peter bolaven explains the former trees talk to each other and you can understand them by listening in on a born for them. Does that mean that trees are some kind of language and what exactly do they talk about. It turns out that odor signals in response to pest and for stations and those molecules trigger a protective reaction in adjacent trees although its not clear how this works so but what if the neighbors are on the wrong side wind wise are they then not party to the conversation. Lets where the would wide web comes in trees send signals to the fungus nestling around the roots which relay them via the underground network. This rapidly puts the other trees on alert so that they can prepare their own defenses. But does that count as a language with humans this involves not just exchanging signals but words they convey information through conscious meaning associated with certain sounds so someone who speaks a Foreign Language might understand tree as being tree. So trees do not have language as we understand it and yet they do communicate with each other. And planets has a tree line latitudes to the north and south of which trees are unable to present in the arctic for example there are no sizeable trees and the plants wont traps and moss is. But here too theres plenty of life in the grey. Sound like these lemons for example our next record takes us to greenland where scientists are concerned about the fate of these arctic rodents that are something of a barometer for Climate Change. An hours flight and theyll reach their destination for ecologist ben why sigler and wildlife biologist your highness lying its the final stage of a day long journey def light takes them across greenland glasses and frozen fields and they see that the pack ice is already starting to thaw although the short summer here has yet to really begin. Theyll soon be touching down in the Current Power valley on the island of trail. Even a landing is something of an adventure. They thought a long flour sugar milk coffee and tents along with lots of scientific equipment the team are the only humans on the island if they forgotten anything important theyll just have to do without it their return journey is several weeks away until then theyll be camping here in tents. They soon discover theyre not alone the tracks of a polar bear shooting one would be the very last resort the team set up an electric fence to keep the bears away. For more lemmings by contrast a more than welcome they are in fact the stars the very heart of the project the team of course one near the camp ben was that their 1st came to greenland to research lemmings 30 years ago and hes still studying these interesting creatures lemmings are rodents and live mainly in northern regions greenland is home to the arctic species in winter white as snow they turn gray and brown as temperatures rise during the summer they live in burrows underground always wary of predators especially on. Arctic fox its snowy owls and long tail skewers the lemmings are safer in winter their front claws grow and enable them to dig through the snow and frozen soil winter is also breeding season beneath a thick blanket of snow they take tunnels and build nests several litters can be born in short succession only stoats pose a threat as lemmings are able to reproduce when they reach the age of just 6 weeks the population can grow very fast its those winter nests that ben was is looking for. Its an indirect method to work out how many lemmings live in the area under investigation. As the snow melts the nests become visible this is the 1st winter nest they found. Climate change means snow now force later in the year and thaws. That means that the extended phases of large scale reproduction known as learning peaks have ceased. To be a good years stay low would come across 4000. 00 nests here expedition these days 400. 00 are already a lot. Easier meaning. The lemmings probably have a whole network of roads under the snow which then connect of the nests. And the lesser where they reproduced. His Team Investigates an area of 15 square kilometers every year they cover several 100 kilometers on foot to register the lemming population after just 2 weeks the fuel next to the camp is almost ice free 33. 00 nests. Bernie was it lurk continues his trek to count nests but he already knows that they are so few in number that the lemming population is unlikely to recover sadly theres a clear trend and one that is documented in detail. And. Its july 30th day 2 nests to 2. Lists rare for such a Research Project to have 3 decades of data to work with the findings are further evidence for the painful reality of Climate Change. Incidentally what livings are best known for committing mass suicide by jumping off cliffs is a myth it was make popular by the 950 s. Walt disney film white wilderness but the filmmakers actually staged the scene and reportedly pushed the limits of the tiff bin was it and his team are working to expose this popular misconception and restore the rodents reputation. Get out on its red y. Our bit by him i feel ok you have a science question that youve always wanted answered were happy to help out send it to us as a video text or voicemail if we answer it on the show well send you a little surprise as a thank you come on just ask. And for most stories about the world of science visit us on our website on twitter and facebook. Thats all for this week next time on tomorrow today focused energy how lenses can be placed on solar panels to produce a super concentrated power supply by for now. Homelessness poverty. Same. Point 3000000 people i mean i did states are affected. Even though many of them have steady jobs. Who is hoping the mountain passes of the American Dream of. Poverty in the wealthiest country in the world. In 15 minutes on t. W. In the height of Climate Change. Africas most of. Whats in store for such. Want to have for their future. E. W. Dot com African American citizens to the multimedia inside clear cut or. Ah im going crazy thing in all the time. How to handle our new lives in times of the corunna pandemic d. W. Reporter your job or is it just like everyone else and shes looking for answers and thankfully with the help of many experts few of them. Thank you is not life as we know it. In this. Again our new web series. Living what do they dream of it night. As cleaners they see the face of horror. Their job censoring for the social media industry. And manila there are thousands of socalled content monitors day for day they screw up terrifying images from Online Platforms so horrific job for starvation wage the strain is enormous. The cleaners are sworn to secrecy they are not allowed to talk about their work. And no one asks how they are doing. It. I need to stop theres something wrong with. The cleaners social medias shadow industry starts joining us on g w. This is d w news line from berlin youre not welcome says the white house to any u. S. Citizen or other non u. S. Citizen whos been to brazil in the last 2 weeks meanwhile brazils president. Is taking to the streets with his supporters also coming up on the program. Than to netanyahu becomes the 1st sitting israeli Prime Minister to go on trial as he faces corruption charges just