From or whether they took drugs even centuries after the fact. Following fingerprints into the past and rediscovering history welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. d books repositories of knowledge centuries old books can teach us a lot about the past as long as we can decode them cryptographers have yet to decipher the 15th century voynich manuscript for example. But Historical Books still molecular as well as intellectual secrets. Secrets about the people who wrote them touched them and left their traces in the form of proteins these molecules are found in every single cell of the body and each type of protein is made out of a sequence of amino as. Its folded in these unique way scientists of any recently learned how to read this data hidden between the lines of. The socalled marco polo bible is almost 800 years old tiny slivers of the parchment are all biochemist georgio regain he needed to look into its past getty speciality is proteomics the study of the range of proteins in organisms he examines documents paintings clothing traces of proteins and they can be thousands of years old what is the bible belongs to the Laurentian Library in florida its named after markopolos because he was thought to have taken it to china to the court of kook like khan but what kind of parchment is it made of back then paper had not yet been invented. The surface had been examined with instruments like spectrophotometer using ultraviolet and infrared light and so on but then we were proteome assists came along and examined the proteins there was a fury that bibles from the period were written on parchment made from the skin of lamb foetuses it turns out this one was written on calfskin. Brigades he says its a type of parchment that was only used until the middle of the 13th century and the south of france this new method together with textual analysis have revealed the bibles origins no one at the Laurentian Library had ever heard of proteomics before. That we have it i mean this was absolutely new to us to get he told the academic world our researchers and experts on manuscripts something that was completely unknown to them something weve always wanted a physical analysis of our documents. Physical. But righetti had a problem he needed some pills for his person. Analyses and most libraries and museums refuse to allow precious works to be damaged in any way but a solution was found to rig a problem and it came from israel. In a tele beefs Gleb Silverstein originally from russia conducts personnel mix research. As soon as he heard about regresses work with the markopolos bible he wanted to get involved. Article here. Or would you. Extract the result of the result destruction move which would run think think or. Do you consider since moon is a. Good solution or a protestant group there its no pushing and fleece it if we want to keep on examining Cultural Heritage we simply cannot continue to use these destructive technologies resorts not just like the renaissance genius he keeps coming up with of unguarded ideas. Silverstein has invented plastic films containing beads of charged resins that general proteins are not the chemicals from objects that placed on the extracted preachings can then be analyzed and millibar carry his latest couth and examination of one of jack im ok so nova is my new scripts its. Great to see the lower part of this molecule portrait. Of a little insight. From casanovas men was to the shirt and one checkoff was wearing when he died little by little silverstein and his team working their way through the literary canon. Another exciting discovery is what he found on a manuscript by russian right to make our google earth. Always was a really curious what was a source of such. The answer was found in traces of sweat on the manuscript jugs read chose the highest concentration green the lowest. First. Bird. People. Object to for information they bought. Through cicero for approx appearance. Silberstein sent the extracted pershings to regret it in milan in his lab at the Polytechnic University the plastic films are dipped in a chemical solution that detaches everything that has stuck to them. The enzyme chirps and breaks down the proteins into smaller peptide fragments which are then analyzed by a mass spectrometer. A major breakthrough by the protein historians had to do with the history of milan itself half the citys residents died in a plague epidemic in 1630 were getting wanted to find out what the death registers still in existence some caps in the state archives might reveal. With silverstein films he examined the lower right margins of several pages and found that they portray says of sweat bacteria tobacco and food are pretty. Good but peter that up passed the only force we examined the proteins associated with plague bacteria but we also found out that not everyone died of the plague 2 percent of the victims died of anthrax with this research in which we identify proteins we have in a sense brought back to life. Throughout the more they have risen from the grave in which they were buried 400 years ago weve brought them back to life for me its quite incredible of course theyre sick with the amount of cards that were being. Getty says person historians could rediscover all of World History and an antiquarian bookshop in florence he recently found this book published in venice century together. Probably meant that she said he would probably find all kinds of bacteria here epidemics traces of cholera typhoid who knows you know some. Pretty omics could become one of the most exciting sciences of the future by casting a new look at the past. So scribes publishers and readers have left information about themselves as traces of proteins on the pages of their books. Prezi means are found in the sweat the body produces when its under stress and proceedings may play a role in the somewhat pungent smell of sweat but in fact stress plays a vital role in human survival. Since prehistoric times stresses help humans to survive when a predator approaches our brain sounds the alarm releasing the stress hormones are trained and quarters of adrenaline gives our body a sudden energy burst our heart rate and Blood Pressure rise that comes more blood to our muscles the stress hormone cortisol is released soon afterward it acts as a stimulant raising blood sugar levels suppressing the need for sleep and reducing our sensitivity to pain but in the long term it can ravage the immune system adrenalin and cortisol give us an energy rush and activate the fight or flight response afterwards our body needs to rest and. Cover today stresses different often it just doesnt stop this constant state of high alert can lead to chronically high levels of cortisol that can make us sick and weaken our immune system. It can also promote obesity i put pressure and heart your vascular disease. The good news is theres plenty we can do to beat stress including breathing exercises want to try it ready ready. Sit down close your eyes take a deep breath. Feel how your belly expands as a fills your lungs. Exhale. Repeat. Studies show that conscious breathing reduces stress levels but theres another unexpected factor that affects how we deal with stress and it has to do with where we grow up. This fellow is a typical city kid who didnt spend much time in the countryside or have contact with animals this guy by contrast grew up surrounded by nature he had lots of contact with farm animals. Research shows that people who were raised in the country are less likely to have certain mental illnesses. That are actually growing up in the countryside is actually associated with a much lower risk of getting depression and. So are people who grew up in the country also better at coping with stress to find out labors team conducted an experiment they simulated a job application interview with 40 male test subjects. Bonding and see this is why do you think you are the best candidate world because of my previous experience. Interviewers didnt just listen to. Quietly but intensified the pressure by asking the candidates to do some mental arithmetic on the spot to help backwards from 3269 and steps of 163221 stop off thats wrong please start again from 3269. To test subjects didnt know the interview was not for a real job getting the answers right was not important the experiment was about something completely different. This is and its a standardized test of its only purpose is to put people under stress under experimental conditions for thats. 20 of the test subjects grew up in a city and have never had contact with farm animals. The other 20 spent at least the 1st 15 years of their lives in the country and had lots of contact with farm animals its already been established that that has Certain Health benefits. As its minister with regard to allergies and auto immune diseases its been known for years that growing up in the country protects people from them and theyre not even after all fixed labor thinks there are further benefits residents of rural areas have contact with many non harmful microorganisms that are prevalent in and around animals in their coats and feed researchers call them old friends this isnt them its a colorful mix of bacteria argue bacteria viruses and single cell organisms all of these microorganisms that were present during our evolution are referred to as old friends. And his colleagues 1st identified the effect of these old friends in experiments on mice. With mice weve demonstrated that when their treat. With these good microbes theyre less susceptible to stress for example we could prevent chronic stress from causing intestinal inflammation or increased anxiety in the mice thanks for 100. Does that also hold true for people who grew up in the country the researchers used the fake Job Interview to try to answer this question before the test they took saliva and blood samples from the participants. A critical or interest where the stress hormone cortisol which is produced by the adrenal glands and released in greater amounts when we experience stress and the side is kind interleukin 6 which is also released when we are stressed it stimulates inflammation at high levels are associated with a whole range of illnesses inflammatory bowel disease inflammatory disease of the joints and as to the emotions depression for example or posttraumatic stress disorder and Anxiety Disorders and. Before the experiment cortisol and interleukin 6 were present at normal levels in both groups city kids and those who grew up in the country after the test samples were taken the cortisol level proved to be the same in both groups and that means they experienced the test situation as equally stressful but how did their bodies deal with the stress. The researchers looked at the white blood cells the leukocytes they produce the class of cytokines known as interleukin including interleukin 6 produced in larger amounts when were stressed. By us as of when number of white blood cells and the number of inflammatory cytokines released were higher in city dwellers than in those from the country and. 2 hours after the test researchers drew blood again to see if the interleukin 6 levels had dropped and were returning to normal the results were interesting the city. Measurements werent able to regulate theyre in trouble you can 6 level that means it continued to rise over the 2 hours after the experiment but those from a rural background were able to bring the level down within the same time period. Why was the 2nd group able to deal with stress more swiftly professor says it has to do with the old friends. Contact contact with these microorganisms enhances the regulation of the immune system the rise in interview can 6 was less pronounced in those with a rural background. So those who had a lot of contact with animals reduced their interleukin 6 level and by implication their stress level more quickly its not yet clear whether rural microbes are the only reason for that could extended contact with a pet a dog or a cat yield the same positive the facts and his team want to find that out. So many of us one of the most stress inducing places is the office just as were trying to write an important email the phone rings and then a text message pings on to your cell phone oh and we have a meeting to run to its impossible to concentrate and get anything done john ok. But help could come from our computers thanks to emotion recognition software. Chadli mario one is a software developer. This work involves a lot of complex tasks. Can be strenuous and sometimes kind of depressing when you cant figure it out then youre in a bad mood. This colleague materia schmidt my also spends a lot of time in front of the computer of these multi task. Getting. Worse Case Scenario it hits you all at once the entire day long various stages of things you could sit down and say monday ill do only the one thing tuesday the other in practice though thats difficult. They both work for tony a company thats looking to develop an Intelligence Software system that automatically supply staff with only as much work as they can complete. The employees have to wear a pulse moments a lot on the job. A video cam films their face. Setup is supposed to monitor their mood and emotional state based on that data the software will decide how much work they can handle moment. Mark omara help develop the software hes looking at chad lease data to try to figure out how his colleague was feeling about his work right then and what his emotional state was like. Do you find the task difficult or easy was he may be at risk of feeling overextended over a longer period. To figure that out the computer will have to learn how to interpret emotions. Is one of the test subjects shes assigned a stressful task she has to retire various texts what she doesnt know that the texts will get increasingly difficult 1st she gets a childrens story then a text with complex chemical formulas the post monitor gives feedback on her stress level. At the same time the camera monitors various facial muscles that indicate emotion like the corner of her mouth or the area around her eyes. Regain its expression is fairly neutral but not quite. On the right side you can see shes. Under stress we just saw that the line is trending upwards what that means generally speaking is that the task is a challenging one. Shes getting more stressed the other thing thats very interesting is that the video also thats a struck conclusions about her heart rate is her heartbeat regular irregular fast or slow based on various insights from medicine in psychology we can draw some conclusions about stress levels the demands being made on her or relaxation. So even though her expression might be neutral a poker face she might still be feeling stressed on the inside. But do we really want to that a computer so deeply into our mind and soul. Phillips result from the German Research center for Artificial Intelligence has his doubts. What if this is used as a form of surveillance perhaps even with repercussions for the employees if someones performance seems subpar they might be fired maybe because theyre going through a tough time on a personal level the system might detect that and that could have negative repercussions for the employee and thats something we definitely dont want to see. In germany its illegal to monitor employees this way without their permission but will they always have a choice. Says his only goal is creating an optimized work atmosphere. System for example it would activate Call Forwarding in moments of intense concentration. But what many people say is that technology now serves as a major distraction there are so many different channels of communication email messenger social media especially at work its getting harder and harder to work on something in a really focused deep way over a longer period and its just so up but. Its become harder and harder to achieve. The feeling of energized creative focus. Is that its a state thats often described as the optimal balance between boredom and feeling overwhelmed and stressed its that midpoint where i feel challenged but can still master the task thats follow up in the inflow. During a state of flow brain releases happiness whole moans heartbeat small rhythmically and skin conductance increases. Marco maya wants to use these responses to teach computers to be aware of our emotions and to assign tasks to workers based on what they can muster at that moment. When phillips was on it also believes that systems like this have other useful applications. For example in traffic and on the road. It might involve a train or an autonomous driving system where we want to know if the locomotive engineer or the driver is still alert and awake but there might also be beneficial applications in Office Settings but. The company has already carried out tests in real life offices the results are still under wraps but its already clear that systems like this poised to change how we work. It out what is right why ave you. Do you have a science question your voice than money. Every week we always hear a query sent in by the way. This time it comes from the riyadh increase. What is some plaque home. Black holes are among the weirdest objects in the universe there traps and space time where gigantic amounts of matter are compressed to a point so massive that it curved space almost infinitely and brings time to a standstill the border of this bizarre world is known as the Event Horizon. The german astronomer. Did seminal calculations of the defining parameter describing the Event Horizon. Black holes are formed when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle or when the compact remains of death stars emerge thats how the light weights among these gravitational traps are born theyre called stellar black holes whose gravity ranges from between a few times to some 10 times that of our sun media massive black holes can have up to 100000 times the solar mass and the really giant super massive ones lurk at the center of many galaxies millions even billions of times as massive as the sun. Black holes grow by sucking up everything in their vicinity even might cant escape the gravitational traps and they merge with one another to grow. Albert einstein predicted them in his general theory of relativity. But they were 1st detected around 90 years later in the center of our galaxy the milky way is one such invisible mass that accelerates nearby stars to incredible speeds. Telescopes around the world were synchronized to capture the 1st ever image of a black hole. The relatively tackler looking picture shows the place where time comes to a standstill the dark Event Horizon surrounded by a ring of light from the hot matter. That orbits the black hole it was a milestone in astronomy. To send in your questions just go to our website or find us on twitter. Thats it for this weeks edition of tomorrow today thanks for watching but be back next time with more stories from the world of science and technology until then stay healthy and but i. Cant. Keep. Up i succumb and one. Day i want to find out why the result is one of the most beautiful river states germany so also right along a part of the old psychopath. The beautiful landscape is certainly a clue. This bike tour dispersed our research. Trip to. Coming up on d w. Allow ourselves to. Live on clams. And heres the spider web. Thinking of the world in a more poetic way. We are in exclusive interview with. Our 20. 30 minutes. Closely. Carefully. Dont seem to me to be a good. Match. Discovered. Subscribe to a documentary on 2. Of the more. Big procedure of war isnt live. In those polls smolar. Learning. Oh the moons. Use. For which. You seem to. Cant. Seem. To miss. This is news and these are our top stories dozens of civilians and soldiers are dead after military clashes between armenia and azerbaijan flared up over the disputed region of no going or every fighting broke out of the area that lies within azerbaijan but has been under the control of ethnic army since 1904. Mass Security Forces broke up mass protests in the belly regime capital minsk and
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