A s m r sound lets find out how we hear sound in the 1st place. Anatomically speaking we have an outer ear a middle ear and an inner ear and thats where we pick up auditory signals in the form of vibrations in the cochlear to be precise. The cochlear is a bit like a spiral staircase that bassler membrane and hair cells make up the carpet. Its those cells that enable us to hear from behind notes. Notes sound driver asians deflect the hair cells its like flattening the fibers of a carpet. That generates an electrical signal which is sent to the brain and we perceive a sound or so then stand up again and are ready for the next sound. The different pitches are registered in different parts of the cochlea. I know its are detected by the hairs at the bottom. Lower ones further up. And the lowest notes at the very top. Enabling us to hear a wide range of pitches. And their cells are very sensitive if theyre exposed to too much stress or for too long they can be damaged and no longer react to sounds the hair cells that register high notes are especially susceptible to all frequencies passed by their stretch of the cochlear including the ones so it can get quite a battering like the bottom of a staircase the carpet on the lower flights tends to wear out faster. And the corresponding hair cells stop working sooner so hardness of hearing usually starts with the high notes. Now get comfortable and look and listen carefully. In recent years f. M. R. Videos have become an unexpected trend. As the mars stands for autonomous sensory meridien response its a relaxing tingly sensation that starts on the scales and moves down the body and is it a real effect or pseudoscience they tap gently on objects. Run their fingers over various textiles for hours on end and millions of people watch them. Videos like these are uploaded to you cheap every day francisco likes to watch them tell you if and if youre off on one of the audition groups this one features an artist from asia and she brushes her hair with different brushes and combs it to i think ive watched it around 20 times. Theres this video by s m r blossom where she makes different scratching noises it was one of the 1st videos that i watched over and over again if there is one part where the scratching noise was so pleasant that i had to watch it again. The lot of cats go watch the show with. You know watch it go back to the beginning and then watch it again. These videos are a mass phenomenon but so far theres been Little Research on. The clips soft calming sounds clearly represent a counter trend to the fast paced videos with short choppy sequences. Theres not a lot going on in them but more than you may think. Like in the beginning everything seems samy and monotonous and it is but only for a few minutes then something changes and usually something adverse or stimulating starts before adding again then it returns to the original habitual sounds and then something new happens again. The viewers know theyre going to be stimulated and then relax thats why they stay. On they keep watching because theres always something new. It doesnt just love you to sleep this is nothing new up i am new and. The effect that the videos produce is called a s. M. R. Which stands for autonomous sensory meridian response. It describes the present tenderly feeling on the skin that the videos can trigger. You know when i watch the videos and hear these noises hand movements or whatever. Other like well it starts in the back of my head and i get goosebumps under my scouter the whole. Thats how i describe it the tingles thought. About. Travel from the back of the head down the spine. They can be triggered by light scratching and knocking sounds. Whispers or other gestures that evoke a personal connection. I pass want to see shes extremely close to the camera you can see her hands up close and at least part of her face up close and you really get a strong sense of her presence of the protagonist in the video that creates a feeling of closeness privacy or even intimacy. Intimate it. Yes some of it he owes the viewer is addressed directly they put sounds front and center that are normally just in the background. But some are videos dont cause the same physical reaction and every one for a long time it was unclear if the effects were physiologically quantifiable. But a study by the university of sheffield showed for the 1st time that the heart rate of people who experience a s. M. R. Actually decreases significantly when they watch their videos. The productions and who are consistent with the idea that its more something thats physiologically deactivating relaxing and in the same way as you might get you or your heart rate zone and you listen to the likes of musical. Beach just shit now and heartbreak is. An index of relaxation. Critic. If i asked calming effect is scientifically proven could phidias like these be used as part of a treatment program. But. Now whether its can be used clinically i guess is is an open question in equal authority and totally using these videos for things like insomnia and depression but whether we like it used to be something we dont know but we do know is that it isnt 15 and physiologically repeated respond so it appears to be something thats reliable when you say that. It might be too early to know if asimov videos could have a clinical application but francisca for one is going to keep watching them when she needs to relax. Now its time for our viewers question some animals are amazing acrobats they manage to keep their balance however daring their moves. That got ray hanania from bangalore in india wondering. How do some animals climb walls the methods very. Fancy for example accident free climbers they have grooves in their feet that can cling onto even the smallest holes. Snails release a layer of mucus on flat surfaces so they dont dry out and to protect that sensitive skin. Snail slime isnt rich with proteins that make it extra sticky making snails well equipped for higher things. This gecko by contrast doesnt need sticky stuff to let it walk upside down on a glass surface thanks to attractive forces between the glass and its feet. At alectryon my cross. Reveals hundreds of thousands of tiny has on the reptiles toes. The hands widen the the tip for maximum contact with a climbing surface where the has on the surface neat electrostatic forces between the molecules makes them attract perhaps the force is very weak but multiplied by hundreds of thousands of has come hang in there with the best of them. Those socalled fund valves forces are also what enables this robot to pick up items. Nasa is currently testing a climbing robot for particularly difficult tasks. Fix feet are inspired by the geckos but for climbing if you use a small hooks but can crawl into rock faces. One day this super climber might even be able to scale mountains on mars. If outlet is right why are very glad im here. Do you have a question thats been bothering you send it in as a video text or voice mail if we answer it on the show youll get a little surprise at the thank you. Come on just ask. For more stories from the world of science and technology go to our website or find us on twitter. Have we reached peak meat Health Scares and Environmental Concerns are making more and more of us think twice about our meat consumption. In germany a growing number of people are switching to a vegetarian diet. In global terms india has the largest number of vegetarians in the world 38 percent of the population if you like meat but you were. The about the ethics of factory farming sit tight you might soon be tucking into a fake steak. Cultured or in vitro meat is created in laboratories. That could help produce intensive animal farming. Clearly feed the surface to form the stick instead of fitting into all any more than forming good for. On the health and because of full be. Meat produced from individual animal cells muscle tissue taken from animals by biopsy plays a Critical Role in the process its cut into tiny pieces in order to separate the muscle fibers. The muscle tissue is made up of fat cells and muscle cells individual muscle cells can be removed and grown in culture media. The cells then divide many trillions of cells can be grown from a small cell sample. The cells merge to form tiny fibers called mio tubes and from them a small piece of muscle tissue is grown. All of these little bits of muscle are layered and put simply that cell in vitro meters me. In 2015 and initial proof of concept was presented to the public to demonstrate the feasibility of cultured meat now several companies around the world are working on bringing in vitro meat to the masses its easier said than done and the science is far from conclusive and while its normally a muscle cell its part of a bundle of cells so its corrected and regulated by the other cells. It grows. That doesnt happen with in vitro meat so its difficult to know whether or not these in vitro meat cells will continue to develop in a healthy way or whether they might eventually start to mutate because the regulation by the other groups of cells isnt present that still has to be studied. Still investors predict that laboratory raised meat will eventually become a lucrative business. Land based meat substitutes are another potentially lucrative market but its not so easy researchers are working hard to make me feel and taste convincing. In this was count on a valet researches at the university of applied sciences trying to figure out the best ingredients for meat substitutes michelle by if i experiment with various plants hes looking for something protein rich that provides the right flavor and fiber. The soonest the goal is to generate new Food Properties from familial role materials. That weve built machinery. We can use this to demonstrate that its possible to alter the Raw Materials so that we end up with an attractive food product. Because. One of the machines that the research is yours is an extra on the High Pressure and High Temperatures the roma tiriel is compressed and shaped. The extruded screw is a crucial component in the process. It makes is and pushes along the material. For. The position and length of the individual so. Determines the properties of the final product thats expelled through the specially shaped opening. You hear every manufacturer has its own recipe as i can figure is the Assembly Process differently generally they have their own configuration for the nozzles to. The cooling nozzle is another crucial element its here that the structure of the proteins is fixed which determines the texture the nozzle itself determines the shape and size of the meat substitute measured by a father and his colleagues have tried out different cooling nozzle forms and even built their own the plan has to start producing a new generation of meat substitute. Detective work with every new raw material you have to identify and develop its parameters from scratch. Their starting point is the rule material these include soybeans Sunflower Seeds and yellow pieces the research is extract their personal and it has to be palatable. The Building Blocks of plant proteins are amino acid when water is added to the extruder and the temperature turned out the proteins unfold the High Temperature is key here the higher it is the more easily they on fold and the more easily absorbed they are by humans. Micho diaphragm on it is exactly what happens to the proteins when he alters the temperature and the length of the process then he decides how the mixture is best treated in the extruder. Testing which other plants might be suitable meat substitutes is also part of his research as well as peas and soybeans algae is a promising alternative. Route. He has a high protein content and its very nutritious but its quite sticky so we have to improve the texture for example by adding something fibrous or by using another protein as a basis thats easy to structure. Where the made of algae soybeans so penes meat substitutes is still a work in progress that can seem as well decide if the research is have done a good job on not. Count since climbers. Taste matters even when it comes to water but above all it means to be clean only 2. 5 percent of the earths water is fresh water humans and animals can go in search of the water they need but what happens when plants get thirsty. We visit the Botanical Gardens in hamburg to find out. What. Else. Is needed to sustain life. The. Plants need a lot of it so water consumption is accordingly high the Botanical Garden and humbug. Hutto has unique properties that make it indispensable to plants and interesting to botanists. As water is the universal substance animals and plants are in large part made of water we can only survive a few days without it we all start our lives in the womb surrounded by water to live in. Its also the universal solvent and transport medium and biology transport and water plays a central role in bodies in cells everywhere im against impossible. Alter is known as the universal solvent because it dissolves more substances than any other liquid. Not just does but also many different nutrients the plants need 3. Trees transport water great distances up the trunks and into their branches and leaves without using a pump. They take advantage of 2 properties of water. And cohesion. Adhesion means water molecules tend to stick to other substances even smooth surfaces water creeps up the inside of the test the water level at the edge is higher than in the center. Water molecules tend to stick to each other. As many as 30 drops of water can form a liquid bubble on a tiny 2 cent coing. Anymore and gravity wins out and the water pours away. Adhesion and cohesion enable water to flow upwards in a plant. Capelli action takes place when it hes into a surface is stronger than the cohesion among the water molecules. Then rises to spend achieves and roots and stalks all trunks. And copied. In capillaries which are tubes of this than 2 millimeters in diameter water can rise to a certain height. The narrower the capillary the higher the water can rise as a deal amendable unfortunately the troops the elements of woods there which waters transported have an average diameter of 50 micro meters that 0. 05 millimeters thats how narrow the troops are in them water can easily rise to a height of 5 or 10 meters from 14 meter but how does it get to the top of a huge 100 meter tall tree for that to occur evaporation. Comes into play. W. For doans water evaporates in the leaves of the trees crowns that cause a suction on the capillaries its like what happens when we drink from a straw. But also can clean the function yet i would use and see transpiration the loss of water as vapor at the top of the tree causes the pressure differential which sucks water up to such amazing heights can. Be of operation also has a cooling effect thats one reason why its cooler in the round forests. In winter water can become a threat to plants because of another of its properties negative thermal expansion most materials contract as that temperature drops that holds true for water but only down to about 4 degrees celsius if it gets any colder water than expands again about 9 percent when it turns into ice. Thats because an ice the water molecules group into a crystalline structure that takes up more space than liquid water the. Plants have a way to protect themselves against this expansion. Sugars dissolved in water but then plant cells serve as an antifreeze disrupting the formation of the crystalline structure and thus lowering the Freezing Point of the water by 5 or 6 degrees. A glass of water will turn to ice in a freezer within an hour or so. A sugar solution stays liquid for longer. Some aquatic plants have developed other ways to defy ice. The water stress. For example spends the winter on the bed of rivers and ponds. By stars and form at the bottom of a sufficiently deep body of water. That also has to do with water is negative the expansion. Of the water soldier we see here has developed a particularly interesting strategy because of your own knowledge of Human History and its an aquatic crushed by floats at the surface in summer and it has a rosetta leaves and White Flowers for good. As it gets cooler in the autumn the leaves start to sink in just sent to a depth where i use usually doesnt form a kind i was putting country. The white of water above except the pressure on the water molecules compacted into the result is a constant temperature of about 4 degrees the fish also went ice free to us. This cant for example fish at 80 percent water and also need to protect themselves from freezing. When spring comes life trends higher towards the surface. We humans are about 70 percent water while the internal temperature of fish can vary a lot without harming them needs to be kept constant. So when its hot we sweat. In a cool park and now we know why its cool under the trees. Thats all from tomorrow today well be back next week with more science stories until then stay healthy and date here yes. Slow Internet Connections are a growing problem. But fashion scene changed with the help of a small army of hundreds of mini fattah light. Orbit the earth and sun their data all over the world. The 1st signs of life have already been fun town high Speed Internet from outer space. 15 minutes on d w. It was the 1st International Tribunal in history. The number of trials to. 75 years ago a high ranking officers of the nazi regime of mortgages by the allied forces. Were the 1st war criminals to. Be held accountable for their crimes for. Now them are. Going through dollars pair. Frazier and. Our 2 part series the 3rd reich the dark starts nov 12th on g. W. How does a virus spread. Why do we panic and when well all miss him. Just through the topics covered and the weekly radio show is called spectrum if you would like any information on the crown of virus or any other science topic you should really check out our podcast you can get it wherever you can get your podcast you can also find us at dot com and slash science. We know that this is a scary time for the coronavirus is changing the world changing. So please take care of yourself good systems wash your hands if you can stay at how were d. W. B. For here for we are working tirelessly to keep you informed on all of our platforms and were all in this together run together to make it fair. To say to everybody. Stay safe stay safe increase in stay safe. You. This is the news live from for a surgeon coronavirus stretches belgiums Health Care System to the mix. Im already afraid of the moment we reach our limits and have to choose who we take in and who gets to be treated. Should it be deferred teeth or if the 60 year old belgium has the highest could fix right that in europe take a look inside a hospital struggling to cope also coming up. I voted for a guy named truck because donald trump fired