A bit of class. So missing along to see this to come from super good seats for interactive exercises. Everything is online and interactive. Benjamin 5050 w. 10 kuroda vaccine candidates are now in late stage trials. The world is celebrating. What could be the breakthrough in fighting coke at 19 from a Suitable Companies are also cheering. The Public Sector has invested billions more in development, but its the private sector that will break in the cash. Under existing agreements, they control the price and get the profits from a firm say thats fair, development is expensive, and time consuming and results are not guaranteed. Its a gamble for governments to which are reserving millions of doses of vaccine they hope will work. Still other coronaviruses could come along. Vaccines could become big pharma as new cash cow. Well, of the 20 largest pharmaceutical companies, only 4 had special vaccine units last year. Now everyone is getting in on the act, which is great, but they using our money and can charge what they want. 1. 00 of our guests this week said some developers promise to only charge the cost price. It could even be cheaper than the flu vaccine. Lets see what happens. Its a race Everyone Wants to win. Whoever makes the 1st successful covert 900. 00 vaccine also stands to make a fortune or potentially blockbuster product. We are talking billions of dollars in revenue. Part of the funding for the Vaccine Research is public money, but the profits stay in private hands. The companies can secure exclusive licenses to a vaccine and ultimately decide on a price because they have a monopoly on the pavement. The race to find a vaccine is in full swing and 2 German Companies are among the leaders in the field, cure or vaccine tubingen. Biotech in minds which this week announced promising early results from its phase 3 clinical trial. Both are working on back scenes, using messenger r. N. A. , m r n a vaccine stake a snippet of the corona virus is genome to begin a defensive response without exposing it to the actual virus. And more n a essentially teaches the body to fight a dummy of the virus to help make it immune research into this technology to mean going on for 20 years and involve billions in public money and private investment. But developing vaccines is highly risky. An active ingredient or vaccine candidate can fail it any stage in Clinical Trials because of a lack of efficacy or safety issues. That means developing treatments has Major Development and Financial Risks which is why Pharma Companies turn to public funding. This is then distributed by groups like the coalition for epidemic preparedness innovations, safety, which is cofounding development of several covert 19 vaccine candidates. But these are the main focus of this cooperation with safety is to produce a vaccine as quickly as possible and get it to the people to hope. For example, the commercial side is secondary for now, instead of intrigue long. Although Vaccine Development is cofounded companies on licenses and distribution to guns bush to move based on this, they relax the rules that would have ensured that safety retains intellectual property rights, uninsured. A vaccine that is affordable for everyone, and widely accessible of pharmaceutical Companies Stand to make huge profits if they succeed in coming up with a vaccine. Production based products successfully comes onto the market, opens the door to a flood of similar vaccines and active ingredients. Great opportunities public funding could earn billions for private firms. The fear is Biotech Companies can name their price for access to this powerful pandemic fighting weapon. Professor of public economics, Massimo Florio joins us. Do you have a problem with public funds being used to develop a vaccine for this corona virus . In the only current emergency obama care of any problem . I think there is absolutely no alternative to disburse such fancy new hold. Their governments would be able to negotiate on prices and the conditions, but they dont think there are alternatives to the issue is where we are going. The next time the governments are in a bad negotiating position, arent they . I mean, theyre giving these Big Companies free rein. They, they can do what they want to when they do develop their backs in a net price. This is why i say that this is important for the future, not not to be stuck in the, in this negotiating position. And they have the governments toss about a coalition of go. Its the research and Development Capacity in these private firms, of course, are about making a buck. But is that one of the reasons why we want ready for this outbreak . Yes, i think so. The problem is their governments have to entirely didnt need to. The private pharma industry, the earth search and betterment of the gains that jensen and or diseases. But here are the reason in risk of disconnection, of misalignment between the, the Public Health agenda and the try to if you are a pharma company, a manager or a pharma company, you have Investors Financial in bursts of say you are listed in stock exchange. Im sure your results in the shorter, so you are less interested in the in the longer term and which are less profitable than the others. I think we need Something Else or to protect ourselves in the future. So with that, disconnects with us and with our health is that way, a doctor who developed a vaccine for size the year after the pandemic, which was caused by a strain of corona virus, didnt get the funding for Clinical Trials. Yes, there is a testimony of professor of terrorist us Congress Rather revealing example about the fact that after the 1st, the clear pieces of to respect relieve the 2 corner violence that a vaccine was neither. He and his team were working on that the data stream and the they see that are the, have never been able to get funding for that because the coronavirus and, and in general, all of the research on the viruses, one can be optics are resistant to source but organs are, is not going to be optics. That is not really the focus of the meat of the movie tromp. So we need Something Else. We need a mechanism to imagine is not these on the priorities of financial mess. We need a mechanism. These are the only priorities of public have we need a long run perspective. Just summing up really briefly. Obviously didnt change anything. Will this outbreak change something . Well, i think so because the, the al arent the, arent there swear theyre even 20 years. A group for some reason, the economic and the economy is where in certain places and not Global Global factors. So i do think that there are, there will be a change. The European Union stepped in the sunbathers that you can try and step in because unfortunately, the consensus is that this is not going to be the last time that we experience these kind of problems important point to finish on the most audial. Thank you very much for joining us. Thank you very much. And if youve got a question about vaccines or anything related to the corona, virus writer channel, the science correspondent Eric Williams will look into it. How could we solve the issue of the messenger r. N. A. Vaccine, cold chain at a reasonable cost . I heard it was make it of 80. 00 degrees celsius. If the interim results on a ficus, a from the candidate back seen, made by biotech and pfizer, hold up to scrutiny and, and if it clears hurdles involving safety by the end of november as hoat, those are our 2 big then some countries could approve it quickly maybe even by the end of the year, by then the Companies Say they have already produced enough doses to vaccinate between 15 and 20000000 people and they should have Production Capacity for over a 1000000000 more in 2021. Manufacturing infrastructure has been set up in parallel with the trials to speed, the whole process up. But as you say, theres a big hurdle to overcome with this particular vaccine, which is that it has to be kept in extremely cold temperatures. Under minus 70 degrees celsius to remain stable for any length of time and, and that will be expensive. The logistics of it was always going to be a nightmare. I mean, every step of the cold chain and the delivery process has to be, is foolproof. As you can make it and you have to train people to work with stuff at temperatures that im fine, is or has even been building special containers or for keeping its nose is that cold. The good news is that they dont spoil instantly after throwing, but they also keep at normal refrigerator temperatures for around 5 days, which makes the task maybe slightly less impossible. But dont forget, there are many other vaccines going through late stage trials that might also prove safe and effective. And some of them are based on other platforms with, with formulations that dont have to be kept at temperatures that low or anywhere close to it. Im with luck. One or more of them will prove safe and effective 2 can be used in places that dont have high tech cold chain infrastructure williams there ive been physical in the wraps up a full week of coverage on a possible vaccine. Also the week that we saw the 1st big breakthrough in developing want for any other developments on the virus, go to our website, e. W. Dot com slash code 90 mealworms how superpower . Because the intestines can digest plastic. The Science Community is brilliant. And shinny on ones help the planet overrun by plastic just by easy enough to get to the next on d. W. Is this art or is it just technologies Artificial Intelligence create our distant future nightmare. Delightful dream. I as an artist are 21 30 minutes. D. W. Give us your country, people will make you rich people. Oil will provide you with jobs. The oil will take good care of you less the world sees a true cold on west coast of god. In 2007, the strips made promises like years later, reality looks very different. Pictures of Drinking Water shortage. I want to drink this black gold starts december 4th on t w n. Today show we have creatures, great and small. All of them useful. Like derek house, which supply us with valuable milk. And this bs which perform a vital function as pollination. But their diversity is increasingly under threat. And even some worms that have a surprising superpower all their own. Hello and welcome to tomorrow. Today the science show on t w images of Plastic Waste in landfills and our oceans have become so commonplace. We risk becoming immune to them, but plastic is a serious problem that wont go away on its own. More and more plastic is money affected every year. In trendy, 18 most went to packaging 12 percent was used for consumer products. We should all reduce our plastic consumption because sooner or later it all ends up as waste. But how can we tackle all that discarded plastic . Tiny part of the solution to this gigantic problem. Our reporter christiane collar decided to find out and made a few new friends on the way. These warnings are doing something that we always thought was impossible. They had to take reading the nonprocreative jesting, the non digestible. Theyre even plastic. This is how they would use a piece of styrofoam. Just the week if we could harvest their super power, we could get 3 or 4 plastic trash in weeks rather than send to reach. They could save countless animals, help clean the environment and avoid toxic plastic incineration can prosecute in bags, help solve our plastic problem. Busy busy 2 sure they are. Oh yeah, yeah. I had to say that by that night she spit up at the kimi a molecular biologist who in 2017 made an important discovery by not cleaning water. Maybe it was basically what they used to find. d there, but these warms managed to eat their way out of the plastic bag. Its something to grasp the importance of these discovery. We 1st need to understand what plastic is. Plastic is a mysterious material. Frankel, a science writer, author, and real plastic. In the natural world, natural substances, theyre sort of broken up by bacteria, but they go back to their essential water. Plastic doesnt do that. It just gets smaller and smaller and smaller and smaller, but it still essentially lasts. Thats why micro plastics stained the environment for centurions to be plastics. Resistance to book a few years, a curse. But we forget that its also part of its miracle. Plastics really transformed the world. They really created our modern world. A world that is safe, more colorful in the world that came before for most of our history, we have built things with stuff we found in nature, rocks and metals. But theres the ward modernize and there was a growing demand for properties that only scarce natural elements processed things like raisin silk or ivory in the mid 19th century. And even more worrying that so many elements were being able to make billiard balls thats were being driven into extinction. Eventually obeah the ball manufacturer promised the rich prize to whoever could find a more abundant substitute for ivory that caught the eye of an invention. And John Wesley Hyatt who spent several years take her ring in his workshop benchley came up with the stuff. So you like the plastic age at begun . Adverts like visa celebrated the new material right there, but that day everything you read all your lovely washable read it because they were all out of your life. 7 going to replaced shell coral and mother nylon replaced silk and bucket like to replace the raise enough to lock up people. Its funny because in the early years plastic was seen as sort of a some patient nature. And today we look at it is one of the chief enemies of the natural plastic is no everywhere. Some are light and just better into like plastic bags. All those are extremely resistant, like bulletproof vests. What they all have in common is to polymer, which just basically means theyre materials that are made up repeating atomic units. And i think of them as like beads on a chip. But a plastic looks like how it feels, how it behaves. All of that demands and having them together and the reason why plastic lasts so long in the environment is that nothing evolved to break down to stop of bombs or at keast. Thats what we thought. Theyre called the awards. And you can actually buy them online. And watch them become a cute and she feeds them with style for organisms themselves. There is the bacteria, those organisms probably produce, you know, hes a professor of biology and he knows everything about things. Its exciting times for. And were actually actually to think those facts on the surface that their goal is to find new bugs in bacteria that came. They just bust their isolate their enzymes and then enhanced. It must produce them in by reactors. Obviously we cant just print your soul of the signal. Ology cant help with the plastic already in the environment. However, it could revolutionize our recycling system to really recycle something. You have to break it down to its basic elements so that you can rearrange them into Something Else. Because we cant break down plastic bonds, we can only recycle it once or twice before it becomes unusable. And thats why these warms can be a game changer. If you think about bio recycling, what you can do and reuse it again and again and infinitely, in fact, sounds like its already underway. For example, a French Company named carpios is already using dan simons to recycle bottles like these and not just once or twice, but in theory, infinitely, if you can increase the value of the waste. In sensitising, the market move forwards, am collect back last in the 1st person instead of people actually leaving money to goods, who im still saying people big money to get back home again and we use it. So the technology was not scalable yet, and its still more expensive than virgin plastics. Oil and gas is really cheap, means its cheaper to make costly of oil and gas than recycled materials. You need to get these technologies working at a much bigger scale that were currently doing in order to make a dent. I do believe we really need to work hard so can my warms with their enzymes solve our plastic problem . I think its great if we can find things like, you know, me or worms that are, you know, the bacteria that while the last is really a design problem, its that we take also us and were using them up to our men to make things that are truly not under arrest if harry and serve you know, we are in a toxic relationship with plastic. We invented it to substitute and repel box. And now were turning to bugs to get rid of it. And i dont think we want to live without it. I mean, you know, i like the fact that my glasses light on my face so that im in the middle of the room. There are just things you dont want to demonize. The last issue is the libertarian. The issue is how we break it, how we use it. And here is, well my screamy friend, 2nd important lesson to teachers they have adopted to leave with plastic. d we should do the same in my friend. Here we are. Go now on the free. Go and save the war eagle. The last incidental meal worms usually used as chicken feed or fish base. Have another surprise in store. Scientists at Stanford University already knew that bill worms can eat various forms of plastic. Now theyve established that the worms can break down the toxic additives in plastic with no ill effects. So in theory, the mealworms could die nonplastic and then still be used just animal feed. And now we turn to another industrious creature. In economic terms, honeybees have always punched about their way. As pollinators and honey produces, they contribute around 2500000000 euros a year to the German Economy and know not to mention their contribution to the natural world. Biologically speaking, there are 9 species of honeybee. Most of them are native to asia. Probably the best known these days is the western honeybee, which has been spread by humans and can be found all over the world. And the next report will take a look at some subspecies of the western honeybee and explore how its genetic diversity best be protected. Im not a beekeeper, is getting a visit from agronomist. Here to the west of him. Mr. Big. This is the moment of truth. Lets see if it still find any drones all in from the regular works for the institute for b. Research near berlin. Hes come here hoping to find some rare bees. A huge problem is that bee species diversity is declining dramatically. The karni on honeybee is the one we have thats most genetically diverse. But the real gem is the european, dark b. Which is now very rare. Mr. Skakel is one of the few people who breeds it, and thats why were here today to get samples of vegan is instituted. Setting up europes 1st honeybee gene database. Its given a tradition like gene banks for cattle, pigs and sheep have been around for some time. But theres been nothing of that kind of court bees anywhere in europe. Its needed because the genetic diversity of rb populations is declining fast. There are constantly new parasites as well as challenges due to Climate Change that we can only meet them if rb use genetic make up is as diverse as the challenge is to make the database as comprehensive as possible. The scientists have been collecting samples from many colonies across germany. They vary widely in terms of the properties of such as gentleness, diligence, and swarming behavior. Some types have become extremely rare. For example, the european duck being until the mid 19th century, it was the most common honeybee in germany. But then it was displaced by the kani own an eye, maybe conic up, you know, the karni omen honey bee expanded through breeding. And it prevailed because it is also relatively gentle with a relatively low swarming tendency. So people like tim and the dark be declined. Thats gone so far that they are no more dark, be colonies originally from germany. The only ones we have now, one or 2 percent of colonies are descended from reimports, fought off waiting for the european dog. B. Is alive and well in hot months, got as high. He had his 1st beans at the age of 10, and is more interested in the colonies themselves than in how much money they yield. To see is the duck be as part of germanys history and who there are lots of drones. So all start collecting them in the uk of vague and carefully picks out the drones in the comb. Please leave me a couple. I have a few young queens here that i need them to mate with and this is one last drone then vega collects a few worker bees for good measure. He needs samples of drones and workers from this colony for his gene database. Another one is got out of and luckily theyre being nice today that back in his lab in who are now and off starts to prepare the material for the database. 1st. He preserves the frozen work of bees and alcohol that way. He has a record of that typical shape to help distinguish the different beast. Then come the drones to mail b. S. Were going to extract under the microscope, its High Precision work. Its a routine procedure for him, but still you have to realize that the drone always dies when it is jackie lates. It would do that if it were mating with the queen. We only do this because we really need his sperm in order to preserve his traits for the future of bees here or elsewhere. In the precious sperm is stored in liquid nitrogen at minus 196. 00 degrees celsius. A process known as cryo preservation. Later theyre going to examine samples of the drones, frozen together with a professor who heads the institute. The researchers want to know how good the quality of the sperm is. Once its defrosted, you can see that after its thought it was. Sperm cells still remain in the flagella, can still beat strongly and indicating that its good. You could inseminated queen with it and shed be fertile. Yes, it really looks like fresh sperm. Looks really good. First genetic database where honey bees is just the 1st step towards a larger goal. The diversity among honey bees is endangered around the world. Here in germany, they undergo a lot of selection and that decreases the genetic diversity. But globally, the situation is even more dramatic because these selected bees from germany and austria are exported around the world. That means they displace the sub species that are well adapted to the local conditions. And thats why our database is so significant. It can preserve these Genetic Resources for the future. It will take time before genetic databases for honeybees can be built up across europe or worldwide. But in germany, these research as a hoping to have filed away material from some 300 colonies by the end of 2021. Here in that gene bank of b. Biodiversity. If outlet is right, why . Latin, even if you have a science question, youd like us to answer. Tell you again, if we featured on this show, you get a little surprise as a thank you. Can just our sk, youll find us on the web at v. W. Dot com slash science or check us out on twitter. Vinnie attritional components in milk include lactose fat, protein minerals, and fishermen, mammals produce it to feed their young enough to fend for themselves. For us, humans, milk remains an important source of mutual even into adult it. That is despite estimates that 3 quarters of the global population have difficulty digesting lactose, but a special kind of could be a game changer. This milk is said to be easier to digest. Dairy farmer always has a little in his morning coffee. Its known as a 2 milk that he hopes to ensure the future of his business. Today, hes debuting his own 1000000 delivery service. Hows he feeling about the new venture . Well, its another step, one of several weve undertaken since 2015 to diversify away from dairy production. We have to wait and see how well its received. If we get customers, we dont know exactly what to expect. First he visits his camps to see if theyre all in good shape. Now that hes also making deliveries, hes working on a tight schedule. Township is pretty standard, but its all mental cattle are not, at least not all of them. From the outside, they all look alike, but there is a genetic difference. We havent investigated these animals yet. We still need to do a d. N. A. Test to find out which are a one and which are age 2. Its been expensive. We had to break up the herd and sell the cows that were a one. Then we bred more of them from the basic stock. Thats why the price of milk went up. Those posters from different breeds produced milk with different proportions of the a one and a 2 variants of beta casein guernseys have a lot of 8 too, as do some jerseys, and some cement historian. Surmise that selective breeding over the ages change the composition of milk. 8 to the argument goes is the older form. Nowadays, most european cows are a one. Its readers. We have 140. 00 cows producing 6 and a half just 7000 liters of milk a year. Thats about 22. 00 leaders a day, which runs on 3, but thats only 3 quarters of the yield of the dairy cow widely found in intensive farming. But gavins cows also in young good meat, unlike their high performing industrial counterparts. Whether milk contains only are mostly a one or a 2, it all looks the same, but the difference is significant. That in known to see here, its clear that there are different, we see it ourselves. There are people with milk intolerance who buy their milk from us and can drink it without a problem, but not the other card. And lots of foreigners buy our milk. You know, there must be Something Different about it. But of course we can prove it scientifically. We dont have the money to do that. Its going to really love a one and 8 to denote 2 forms of the better case in protein made up of 209, amino acids. But there is one difference between them in a to milk, an amino acid called proline occurs in position 67, anyone, male . Its his duty. In addition to delivering, gavin has set up a little kiosk where people can buy his milk. His customers seem happy. Yes, i mean, does this relate to milk is great, very wholesome for the children too. We like it a lot kind of pushed it to. Im not milk intolerant. I just feel the other kind of milk isnt is right for me. While this one is so you dont just guess that we have visitors recently much. I always have this milk at home because after that, one of them said he cant drink milk at all. If he does, he has to rush to the bathroom. I told him i had a 2 milk, you know, he tried it and it was fine. So it really seems to work for him to do it at that age. Heres one hypothesis is that it might work in the case of milk, protein intolerance, where enzymes cannot cleaved the proline in 8 to milk. Whereas they can cleave the histidine in a one milk. But this releases a protein fragment called b. C. M. 7, which could cause gastrointestinal problems. This doesnt apply to lactose intolerance though. Since a 2 milk also contains lactose as well as other key components of a strong immune system. Thats especially important for caps on the stock out and wants his girls as he calls them to be as healthy as possible. Theyre fed on a diet of grass corn and wheat before the afternoon delivery. The farmer has to process the milk and fill the bottles, which he does in his own onsite plant. Sales manager both explains that with normal milk. This is a job usually done by the dairies. Im not with a 2 mil cause you need another step in the goods flow chains. A whole new handling path in the logistics chain and a large dairies arent ready for that. So we decided to do it ourselves. You need to be pioneering visionary. But there was immediate demand approximately 800. 00 households need to buy the product for it to be profitable. To visualize from the personally, this was the only way we could get around Agricultural Policy and price dumping in the milk market. In that respect, its the only alternative but common and the only way they get and family can ensure their dear a farm survives. There are no scientific studies that prove a to milk is more digestible, but the market exists. You can buy it in a number of countries. Thats all for now. Thank you for joining us. For morning grossing stories about science and technology for that, our web site will be back next week with a fresh edition of tomorrow today. Bob, i mean is this art or is it Just Technology . Art official intelligence create a distant future time tonight me for a delightful change. I havent learned our 21 coming up on elegant us in life style. Green line train talian fashion design, brand where the high quality textiles are transformed into new stash. This esteemable idea, recent in one the label, the Green Fashion or now we meet the newly minted marias hero back in 30 minutes on d. W. From the ghetto to parliament to come to know bobby why pop star grills against corruption violence in total shock despite coming from a poor family loves to become president and the challenges are god does not bother to claim to be an incredible story of bobby winds. Calm starts december 10th on g. W. The missionary and a pragmatist. The diplomat who always gets straight to the point the good to institute outgoing director. Close to tell a man from the last cultural diplomatic front starts nov 16th on d. W. Frankfurt International Gateway to the best connections self in the road and rail located in the heart of europe, you are connected to the home world experience outstanding shopping and dining offers and try our services, be allat guest at Frankfurt Airport city, managed by from this is day to news and these are our top stories. U. S. President donald trump, has made his 1st statement in public in more than a week. He delivered an update on operation speed, a program to develop a vaccine against covert 19. Trump did not concede to joe biden, on becoming president elect of the us saying only time will tell who takes office. In january, thousands of protesters have rallied in the armenian capital yet of a