We still have time to work. Im doing this. We live in a well surrounded by and take lance of gases and want to make up the on site must be a shielding us from the deputy vacuum of space. And these lands on teeming with life insects seats, poland, and bacteria. Floats in the atmosphere. Similar to the tanks on the drink with ocean currents, the tiny organisms dancing in the wind, a cold arrow planks. And for several decades, ero biology is focused on these organisms. The pizza, branch of biology, thats long been under appreciate that era biologists study the movements of life in the atmosphere, whether the tiny organisms in a cloud, the rain dropped or in the cost of a desert wind. Learning about these and born organisms is becoming increasing the relevant things to concerns about bio Diversity Health and the climate. Understanding how they influence our lives and the global animal and plant well is increasingly important. Swelling all around us is a valuable and still launch the mysterious ecology this via for the discoveries just waiting to be discovered. The one that i place you on to, to the one to, to receive up here. You have the feeling youre far away from everything thats presented to them, but thats exactly the point we want to find out if theres life at this altitude and what type of music all of you either can when you have a book in there circling the sector and the wind is blowing at about 20 Kilometers Per Hour on. So a particle travels a remarkable tony Kilometers Per Hour to sounds like you met. Lets click on city on yeah, im a to at the institute of chemistry, oakland mall fell in central. France wants to learn more about micro organisms in the atmosphere. Today. Hes on the summit of the pre the dome, at an altitude of almost 1500 meters to setting up time tom trunk set the observatory traps on essentially vacuum cleaners. The capture dice, select the tiny apple and travelers when p im a to looks into the skies. He knows that anything bought empty. The atmosphere around this is bustling with life. To skate. All right, lets 5th. We understood now almost everything in the atmosphere comes from me or a surface. Okay. And so the mirror image of the ground specified also not unless its all very dynamic to do that its moving and mixed things. So middle of the day of today wins sweep over all of a surfaces staring apple types of particles, lifeless, and living. They are in feasible to the naked eye with a constantly around us. These particles float up to 5000 meters high and reflect the different type of tax on the ground. The aerosols brian pump forest, they can contain leaf dust, poland, moans, and bacteria. The see the volume. So phone, imagine junky, very excited when it will be over a meadow. There might be grass clippings, small insects, and a miniscule traces of shapes more over a highway. A cloud might form of time particles, oil droplets and fine dunst, High Altitude winds mix the air results and transport them far away. The this into mixing happens continuously as it does a variety of life forms and the arrow punting of sweat to long body and conference. The place data boucher and manual apologetic work at the National Research institute for agriculture, of food and environment in the plan. In west and fronds, collecting samples from this final line structure positions in the middle of the fields. Its essentially a joint insect vacuum cleaner. Theres a strong acid, so from the trap. The position in uh, doesnt that do it though . If it, by exact ammonia in a good 12 meters high, they dont get or 40 feet to be exact, because thats an english model. It was metal. And it visited the depth to lay. We dont want to use it to catch you in next slide 2 meters above the ground though, but rather oregon. And so that, that were swept into the air goes and travel greater distance to the point they will turning on that to do that, which is a long since that, that reveals more about the arrow pointing of the whole region for the whole thing on this keyboard lets here the little some of the dodger on wednesday who is very good news. There are even lifeline because he wrote this is the nice weather amount of will take it to the land, the insane. So the laundry is the organisms, an arrow painted, and they can stay in the for a few hours or several days and float up to 1500 meters, depending on their size and the wind speed, the trap socks and everything. The policies by agricultural Scientists Use the results to warn the farmers of clouds of a fade. So the past, the drop operates. Oh yeah, around the clock is this is really a lot to its because its a sunny day is going on. I mean, im m as in a say, ok, another one is hiding last guess. You know, run another a beat leaf if it, the beatles and flies bugs. Even spite is a tremendous variety of species play a role in the invisible ariel by swelling above us. The comes on medium uh about just as the account myself, as an allergy and small presentations in the sea cubic meter of air above our heads contained so many different organisms, all that that included support on the call and bacteria preventive, but also small insect spider is like telling me it was easy to use on site design. You took all the organisms right. The wins like flying carpets, the and gives them a chance to be nourished, to reproduce. And to so find the weve known about the existence of arrow painting for nearly 200 years. Which is naturalist Charles Darwin noted in his journal during his expedition to the galapagos in 18. 35. The spiders were entangled in the ships reeking many miles from shaw and in the 2nd ta for the 19th century. French scientist louis past due proved through a series of experiments. The particles were continuously suspended in the yeah, he called them organized coal puzzles, as to is remembered, is one of the fathers of modern micro biology. Tobacco sits and strikes meningitis around that time. Scientists discover diseases could be caused by such and bacteria. A new branch of science was born and wrote biology. Scientists began comparing measurements in the same amount of that 55000. 00 bacteria were found in the bustling pollute as a valley in paris. But only 7600. 00 were found among the trees in a box. In the swiss alps, the hotel even advertised with assign the claimed only 25. 00 bacteria. The. Then there was the work of legendary pilot Charles Lindbergh in the 19 searches he attached and a d. C device to his plane and then flew over the icy landscapes of northern canada, collecting a variety of fungal, expose, poland, and micro algae. The samples supported the pieces that living things can survive Long Distance and travel at High Altitudes. But in the years that followed arrow biology descended into obscurity. The organism suspended in yeah, was somewhat forgotten. The ingredients in satellite imagery, we kindled interest in the late 20th century. A scientist discovered unbelievable amounts of suspended micro organisms. She was looking at the push, the also i love the way down to when you blow the dust off a piece of furniture. You see that its carried away with the air flow executive. Its the same in the atmosphere. Now. The mass of these particles is so small, the ones that are born, they stay there and follow the air. So how is the feasible . Oh, cool and down. A fond smile to lack researches, the inter continental transport of desert task. He says roughly 2000000000 tons of sewing old dust rise from the laundries deserts every year and circulate in the atmosphere. These gigantic dusk gown swift, uh, seen via satellite images in the 19 ages. Aero biologist spend realized the true extent of circulating aero pine tone. No, but certainly i met you on, you know, i dont know what it contains, not only mineral matter, but in some cases also living organic material to give you micro organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, meals. As soon as the test is picked up, it carries this array of living micro organisms to completely new places. This with the, its easy for a bacterium, fungal spa, all virus to attach to a tiny speck of dust and take flight the the desert wins does upgrades of sand blasting of tiny granules of clay on impact tons of dust and micro organisms sucked into boom. And columns reaching a height of 3 to 4 kilometers the hold up a wall street or we can track this dust over Long Distances. Also, the supers you satellite images can help visualize the formation of such a cloud over this. The hard desk that within several hours, the cloud grows and starts moving to the area. I will say, dont, dont, ill fast forward, theres what youre telling me what goes set to close mazda pursue days later, you can see these huge dust mass is reaching the Atlantic Ocean here. This was a few days later, theyre already over western france. It dont because theyre likely to send over the british ios or even scandinavia a propulsion was showing us coordinated ex, weather conditions high and low pressure areas. Boom and cold and current. Either cold, the task booms in or blow them away, they foam and highways. Thats cool, the, the kilometers take tasks out loud can cross the atlantic within a week the, the atmosphere is a true transpose of life. The book to them at yale and up the matter contains chemical elements. And in some instances, nutrients, the touch police desert does transports help balance eco systems on the earth surface. This increases the sofas or the tail the tiny organisms, an arrow pointing tone, travel incredibly Long Distance. They said High Altitudes, but how do they travel . And how do they affect the ground . The countless micro organisms eventually touch down somewhere on us of the body. The guide, immediate cause of value on is in catalonia and researching what is known as micro bill deposition and its connections to climate change. Hes working on a major study of micro organisms in the atmosphere almost there with a key science by his research is in the spanish baronies. The you see the just see the coming from out of the 2 dimensions of the metal. Were and an altitude of over 2000 meters, where theres little interference from local air pollution. Im using pizza. We want to capture micro organisms thats right in the atmosphere and travel from continent to cutting it gas and younger is instead of going through them, done a lot more so that youll be going to do this on. We gathered rainwater in the collector for one week and the sample includes micro organisms in small particle and sequence. We collect these in a filter and bring it to the land and i, youre the one of them which the most part people, us get the most. I can hear you can see the particle, so like, you know, whats not, thats part of the water is clear again, because all the particles got stuck in our filter and was talking to in the, in the particular sort of that because there are organic particles like bacteria, it fund guy, holland, know that i need but also in organic ones like clay silicates can minerals that come from far away is almost because hes been in for another. And with us, what are some of those take us about a year and could be just from africa, for example, the phone which was transported them yet most viewed system was washed out by the rain and the light. Thats what were capturing here. The water is probably running. There are thousands of millions of micro organisms in this filter immediately means its gonna be using to 100 these continuous deliveries of micro organisms are a natural process that have a cut through out of history. Once the particles land, again, the tiny travelers have a Significant Impact on eco systems. Some bacteria and help boost pond growth by attaching to them and pulling nitrogen from the others, penetrate the soil and recycled data. Organic monta, viruses and microscopic moans, regulate animal and plant life. So let me throw and these will stick when theyll gain when these micro organisms land in. They can colonize new habitat and we went to the states an excellent dispersal system for bacteria that im the, allowing them to colonize the entire planet. Theyre small, reactive, biological entities. That land in a distant planet is what an create new life in some of this already of somebody thatll be the media. Cast them i, yours team started micro organisms in rain want to the is and with the help of weather data trace, the arrow pine comes pathways. The scientists were able to show which region ocean all continent, the streams of arrow pine come came from and they discovered some remarkable patterns of the in the summer ero plank, tom tends to be local. It rises from the farmlands of spain and northern europe. Above the city is rivers and lakes. But in the winter, the major streams of arrow pine till him come primarily from the Atlantic Ocean, bacteria and viruses cross the ocean within 3 days and to send over the mountains. If i left the middle resort, that was going to be you, i might you better when we analyze the initial results of storm xavier and june, we noticed trends that recur annually. This was an amazing discovery. How is it possible that the st micro organisms will appear at the same time every year . I see those up, but its going to be moving. We know they travel over the sea or emerge from the nature. Here are some plants growing the spring of this growing the summer months, and these cycles are mirrored in the atmosphere. So used to speak last time, you know, quarter and, and im with of the streams of arrow, pine cones, a not some random mix of species drifting with no rhyme or reason to microbial mazda is the rise and settle at the own cycles and seasons. Just like bands, flowers and bumble bee the but given that it is the transporter of life, the atmosphere can also pose a threat. Among the multitude of microbes circling the skies a some to um say that humans can microscopic aero pine tone. Make us sick, the up clear who to fly need yes, move of the 234. Used to talk about my as a medic. X relations when it came to airborne diseases. Also the prevention wasnt possible back then. The method of transmission wasnt really yet known, because that meant that all human afflictions, but generally attributed to the environmental law. Some of the, the failed to submit this real nice old notion of a noxious atmosphere that makes people sick, has some truth to it. We now know that all microbes and viruses floating indiana which can infect humans, animals, and plants, but flu and foot and mouth disease can spread from bomb to bomb. With the help of the wind over several kilometers, a dead condition is can release legionella which causes potentially fatal pneumonia. The many fungal spawns that enter the atmosphere before settling in the soil. A microscopic taking time, bombs, the something you visited, the, they dont put those in. There are some pretty dangerous pathogenic fun guy. The credits to the hospitals are mindful of this. Because when soil and sand and move during construction workers and their adverse wins, this is ask for deal a sports and other harmful molds can enter clinics and cause epidemic loading and unloading for you. What is it to them . You dont need to be sees of the genus asked for. Dealers are found everywhere. Youre including in the atmosphere acute or if they appear in large amount. Theyre dangerous to him. You know, compromise that the girls with a degree of always keep touch of damage. The science has shown pathogens can spread of a medium distances droplet infection of a very short distance is of up to one meter, such as the influenza virus or the virus that causes cobit 19 is also being proven. The font that isnt solid evidence to show that transmission happens over a Long Distances of several 100 kilometers. The reason for them to those very easy to tunnel williams. Few pathogens dangerous to humans can travel very Long Distance is because you dont have the corona virus was studied in the laboratory for its vulnerability, and it turned out its very sensitive alex to yeah, of course, does uv radiation and dryness quickly kill and render a virus harmless when its suspended in the air, im sorry, i have no way to treat. If i didnt think of the atmosphere is even more dangerous. But viruses than insects. Only one in a 1000000 microbes survives. Its flight. School. Cool. And hold on to the activity. But theres a large numbers of material and seemingly really some pathogens are not get a cause for concern because theyre mostly dead. The only most were talking about traces of genetic material to spiral bacterial occurs acidic, but not live viruses. This is the views of people. The men silica its very rare for individual viruses or bacteria to make you sick name, i love it takes a substantial viral load to become infected because luckily i bodies have strong defensive. Im not going to do was low level who the follows the organs, immune systems, vigilant. Now for the last most Infectious Diseases today transmitted by a different kind of and pump the way through our planes. Passengers on board spread micro organisms all over the planet. In spring time, poland takes its ton on this giant and carousel pollen grains produce themselves. They often travel far and wide and reproduce with the female gummy of other trees. This is beneficial to many living beings. The little med johnny, the poland grains can break, releasing irritants that make poland allergy is a widespread problem of the at the university of little in france, you called on a visa and now the usual on studying poland, theyve captured from the yeah, theyre examining whether poland grains breakout more easily when they encounter at pollutants. And this guy that i knew before. Let me adjust this the live. What else did they put on the x to is this, this poland has truly exploded on the national credit. They know this is the sample from the books pulled and sees it, they could help coordinate the room for, you know, the polling this practice and just to say, well, what is it and stuff . Its so mock long that its defeated their, their protective membrane is really shredded. If theyre how long they should get this well done for the end next week, just see, its near, we see the broken pollen of which lost its original reproductive function. You can also see the release of the small particles to which are dangerous for people with as minus. Thats for by clock cuz its immeasurable because im truly confident. And of course not all pollen greens in the atmosphere are shown here has to mole our job is to count them difficulty. Whats the percentage of damaged, grand design . Exploring . Are they harmful to how its curious because they seem to get through for us on face the research is one to better understand what happens between a poland grain and a pollutant in the atmosphere. So that recreating this interaction in the power train, the poland is intentionally damaged when, if its a free on a boss from the confidence interval, rules are falling, must suffer. This is the revenge of people with allergies. If i start with a stream of ozone told me that arrives here, and then i dropped the call and into i look into this makes the ozone molecules reacted with the surface of the fallen gram. But thats whats interesting to me in this experimental ethic styles. Only the buffer bundles that move it was on. Sometimes we talk about good and bad. Oh, as though i was fed the o zone in the upper atmosphere protects us from certain ultraviolet rays. If you and just there for him. Good assistant, you who in the mail find out what ground level. Oh, so its in the lower layers of air where we live is a pollutant location exposing well put in and now expose the pole into a slightly higher dose of oh so its equivalent to a peak exposure that happens in the summer time when theres a lot of air pollution as the bodies he subjects the polluted fall into a series of tasks. An intact pollen grain cannot enter longs, its to law changes stopped by on nasal has. However, if the grain breaks, it releases particles containing allergenic proteins. These can enter the brown, kill tubes and trick outages. All asthma the researchers are subjecting the pollen to the kinds of stress may experience out in the wild want exam please rain, which typically causes the grains to explode. This problem thats purposefully polluted in the lab rupture more easily and want to unhealthy. Poland. Now the show assessors how much of the poland is damaged. Ringback the want you to introduce followed by a mechanical shock test. Pulling that sweat dumped by the wind. Can collide with buildings and windshields, especially in cities . And then what happens if hes a sense, healthy and polluted, poland, crashing against the surface in a pond to go measuring device. Then he calculates the number of grains that have been ruptured sold to lot 40 show their found that air pollution week into the pollen grain. So its making it pro interruption, palm and today is more likely to trigger asthma attacks is because it breaks more easily in the atmosphere a present to suggest single scene. Imagine i would definitely not pretend that a fix or footprint on a micro scale future clark or uh, i think our human activities have altered and polluted everything, even on small scale. So what do we use as a share actually on the topic was that cling onto all that not released from human activities. So deposit goals are released from com traffic and oxide is inc. And manganese particles are released through industrial processes scientist. So just beginning to understand the significance of arrow blanked on to of the systems and its inhabitants. And all the while, schumann continued to pollute, the must be in the book. We do compete to force, you know, tomorrow we burn lots of fossil fuels for transportation. Proceed. Do it for industry to, to discuss the, the food, a sofa sort of, to ality for to i today. Large buyers can be seen from space, for example, that also a functional, this is all new c o nice you know, manage will do for us to buy or is there a common phenomenon triggered by global warming, or which will talk you mentioned to, to see call these fires, or at least gas as an particles into the atmosphere above. The sky is above us, inhospitable. Were essentially burning down our planet as we burn coal oil and would the residential areas and daily activities generate huge amounts of particles and gas is such as carbon dioxide, me say. And nitrogen oxides or the atmosphere as composition is radically changing. And that impacts ero bang tone. Major and currents even at risk. And then the system that i most set up the atmosphere at circulation includes several car doors for flo highways that are influenced by low and High Pressure areas because they determine the movement of air currents. And because they didnt get it in theaters, bless them. If i dont know its in the game, we now know that this circulation could be changed by climate change, the month of july, the next few minutes being certain winds and currents that have been stable for hundreds or thousands of years can change. And the tendonitis would impact ecosystem for and how organisms are district is simpler than that effect on and was like, was the stainless all of these things. The knowledge of arrow biology is progressing. New Research Questions that constantly explode. The scientists of long assume that micro organisms were passive during that journey through the atmosphere. The theory was that they effectively entered a sort of high donation by doing that time until returning to the ground mounted, it appears. Some do manage to remain active, but walk in, they do in such a hostile surroundings. Thats one of the questions p. Im a to is exploring on the pleated on, you know, val, now, whos on the menu system on the new as of the cloudy weather today is great for cloud sampling. Its not yet freezing, but it almost feels like you said, dont call me it says, this is a nice big cloud that will give us lots of samples on us. Come on in the, at all. No thunder. You know the study, were installing a droplet separator. Its essentially a cloud vacuum cleaner that we can use to collect the particle of these little cloud droplets better suspended in the air. To do that, then you guys will also know the push them against the surface so that they trickle down. Because then we can position a bio underneath and collect them all the party collected all the pounds of floating Water Systems that covers some 67 percent of the surface. For ero paint on clouts, an oasis, there is someone. So if want to, as well as food banks to plant every in the water droplets. And when it rains, the arrow pumped on, get a ride back down to the ground. And then if, as in victor e commerce specific the he who doesnt, i want to know how it bacteria lives in such a cloud. And i know you have huge amounts of droplets here. And theres roughly one bacterium. And every 10000. 00 over him is that curia may be isolated from each other is do they interact with each other and just so powerful . What does it like for them to be all alone . And are they all alone . Or all the all gathered in one droplet and the surrounding space is bigger than we think its in the office on the golf and also so ill come on a, i want to know how this life sustains itself because thats exactly what it does. That its just up to 50 percent of bacteria and a cloud can be alive. They spend 3. 00 to 10. 00 days suspended in that. Which means theres plenty of time for something to happen. Like old living things that interior are constantly making different proteins to cling to adults to bond, to go to protect themselves from uv radiation or to produce digestive enzymes, researches looking account, want to to detect these tiny traces of life. It seems like dutiful initials on you as an adult and you as even some bacteria continue living in cloud. So you know, they absorb nutrients like carbon and nitrogen as nutrient as you see. Or do you also as a released c o 2 when they were expire, the more that also molecules like sugars to better stick to surface and shell 1st dont care because the thats ex, hopefully ill see, you know, there are many possible interactions on this. Um, we pointed out between the micro organism and its environment, the water droplets listed as to the, the incredible diversity of bacteria and phone guy in p. Im a toes experiments reflects microtubules, lights in the pounds, but life in yeah, is not easy. Experts now believe that the atmosphere is not a habitat in the conventional sense. Rapids via remains a transit station, a tiny organisms the some years ago. And astonishing discovery caused quietest among arrow biologists, a bacterium known to be abundant in nature, ending clowns was set to be capable of producing rain. Bio precipitation was going to describe the rain making bacteria. A stunning revelation for people in the field of arrow biology, meteorology, and agricultural science. As a most all day in southern france, cindy morris is researching the curious ability of these bacteria. Its name sued them on us so we can get the set amount of 73, engage and live on the surface of clothes some clothes disease. Ok, me nowadays. Generally i conducted a little experiment to show you what this bacteria does to prolong pro fair. Are they pumped cindy morris spray the outer leaves the base while the light is with a solution containing the bacteria, the leaves in the middle. When not, then the plant was placed in a freezer at a temperature of minus 6 degrees for a few minutes. All was good, you can see a delta prolong the tissue that with the bacteria has frozen and then dried out this a shape, but the tissue was out. The bacteria is in 1st, as all the pseudo minus the ring guy bens bonds by freezing them. A gene in the bacteria makes a its believe the when founding counts these ice nucleation actors, bacteria speed up the formation of ice crystals which were sent dont have to inside this to you. I have a suspect