Deadly vacuum of space. And these lands on teeming with life, insects seats, poland, and bacteria. Floats in the atmosphere. Similar to the tanks on the drink with ocean currents. The tiny organisms dancing in the wind, a cold arrow plank to impose several decades arrow biology is focused on these organisms. The pizza project biology, thats long been under appreciated era biologists study the movement of life in the atmosphere, whether the tiny organisms in a cloud, the rain drop or in the cost of a desert, wind. Learning about these and born organisms is becoming increasing the relevant things to concerns about bio Diversity Health and the climate. Understanding how they influence our lives and the global animal and pond 12 is increasingly important. Swelling all around us is a valuable and still launch can mysterious ecology is to be a for the discoveries just waiting to be discovered. The one that i placed on the, to the one to, to receive up here. You have the feeling youre far away from everything for them to choose, but thats exactly the point we want to find out if theres life at this altitude and what type of an easy part of either can men. You have a function there circling, constructed on the wind is blowing at about 20 Kilometers Per Hour on. So a particle travel is a remarkable tony Kilometers Per Hour. Sounds like you to me it still goes to the yeah, im a to at the institute of chemistry oakland mall fell in central. France wants to learn more about micro organisms in the atmosphere today. Hes on this time its up to predict them as an altitude of almost 1500 meters to setting up thing tom trunk, set the observatory traps on essentially vacuum cleaners. The capture dice. Select the tiny apple and travelers when p im a to looks into the skies. He knows that anything but empty. The atmosphere around us is bustling with life. To escape unless 5th, the under. So now almost everything in the atmosphere comes from the earth surface. Okay, and so the mirror image of the ground best. We also know that most fits all very dynamic to do that. Its moving and makes things so mean all day of today wins. Sweep over all of the surfaces, stuttering apple types of particles. So its like less and living there and feasible to the naked eye, but it constantly around us. These particles float up to 5000 meters high and reflect the different type of tense on the ground. The the aerosols, brians about forests. They can contain leaf dunst, poland, moans, and bacteria, the see the volume, so phone, imagine junky, very excited when its windy. They mixed together to form a clinical footprints of this forest, the which spreads across the whole land device and the bone. While some of the major surveys as the over a meadow, there might be grass clippings, small insects, and minuscule traces of sheets for over a highway. A cloud might form of tie of particles, we will, droplets, and fine dust, High Altitude winds mix the air, results, and transport them far away. The. This into mixing happens continuously as it does a variety of life forms in the arrow penton sweat to long body and conference. The place data boucher and manuela paula shay, well cut the National Research institute about agriculture of food and environment in the plan in west and fronds collecting samples from this on the line structure positioned in the middle of the fields. Its essentially a joint insect vacuum cleaner. Theres a strong acid, so from the trap. The position in uh was made through it though, if it, by exact ammonia in a good 12 meters high, they dont get or 40 feet to be exact as well because its an english model. It was meant, in addition to a deputy only, we dont want to use it to catch insects that fly 2 meters above the ground. No, id rather organise that worst, went into the air, calls us and travel greater distance to the point they dont tell me on that to do. It is long since that that reveals more about the arrow pointing of the whole region for you. What the tooth does convert what to do and also nicer a wednesday who is very good to do the theyre all even lifeline because he wrote this and get to the nice weather amount of will take it to the land, the insane. So the laundry is dont, in isms an arrow painted and they can stay in the for a few hours or several days and float up to 1500 meters depending on their size and the wind speed, the trap socks and everything. The policies by agricultural Scientists Use the results to warn the font, most of crowds of a fade. So the past, the trap operates. Oh yeah. Around the cock of the hang on the line. Yeah. This is really a lot to its because its a sunny day is going on. I mean, im m as in a said ok, another one is hiding last guess. You know, run another a beat leaf david, the beatles and flies bugs. Even spite is a tremendous variety of species play a role in the invisible ariel by swelling above us. The comes on medium uh about just as the account myself, as an allergy and small presentations in the c cubic meter of air above our heads. It contains so many different organisms so that that includes support on your call and bacteria preventative, but also small insect spider. Is like telling me it was easy to use on site design. You took all the organisms right. The wins like flying compet the and gives them a chance to be nourished, to reproduce. And to so find the weve known about the existence of arrow painting for nearly 200 years. Which is naturalist Charles Darwin noted in his journal during his expedition to the galapagos in 18. 35. The spiders were entangled in the ships rigging many miles from shaw. And in the 2nd time that the 19th century french scientist louis past, due proved through a series of experiments. The particles were continuously suspended in the yeah, he called them organized coal puzzles, as to is remembered, is one of the fathers of modern micro biology. Tobacco sits and strikes meningitis around that time. Scientists discover diseases could be caused by such and bacteria. A new branch of science was born and wrote biology. Scientists began comparing measurements in the same amount of that 55000. 00 bacteria were found in the bustling pollute only by lee and parents. But any 7600. 00 were found among the trees in a box. In the swiss alps the hotel even advertised with assign the claimed only 25. 00 bacteria. The then there was the work of legendary pilot Charles Lindbergh in the 19 searches he attached. And a d. C device to his plane, and then flew over the icy landscapes of northern canada, collecting a variety of fungal, expose, poland, and micro algae. The samples supported the pieces that living things can survive Long Distance and travel at High Altitudes. But in the years that followed arrow biology descended into obscurity. The organism suspended in yeah, somewhat forgotten the ingredients in satellite imagery we kindled interest in the late 20th century. A scientist discovered unbelievable amounts of suspended micro organisms. Or she was feel free to push the hell. So im of the way down to when you blow the dust off a piece of furniture, you see that its carried away with the air flow. Its like that its the same in the atmosphere. Now, the mass of these particles is so small that once theyre born, they stay there and follow the so i stay, yes, feel, oh cool. Now a fond smile to lack researches, the inter continental transport of desert task. He says roughly 2000000000 tons of sewing old dust rise from the laundries deserts every year and circulate in the atmosphere. These gigantic tasks around swift, ive seen via satellite images in the 19 ages. Aero biologists spend realized the true extent of circulating aero pine tone. No, but suddenly i met you on, you know, i dont know just contains not only mineral matter, but in some cases also living organic material to give you micro organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi, meals as soon as the dust is kicked out, it carries this array of living micro organisms to completely new places this, which will be the, its easy for a bacterium, fungal, small all virus to attach to a tiny speck of dust and take flight. The, the desert winds does up grains of sand blasting of tiny granules of clay on impact tons of johnston, micro organisms, a sucked into room and columns, reaching a height of 3 to 4 kilometers. But well see what we can track this task over Long Distances. Also, the supers you satellite images can help visualize the formation of such a cloud over. Thats a hard as that within several hours. The cloud grows and starts moving to the area. I will say dont dont, ill fast forward theres what youre telling me. What goes set to close mazda pursue days later, you can see these huge dust masses reaching the atlantic ocean. He of us, with a few days later, theyre already over western france. It dont because theyre likely to send over the british ios or even scandinavia. A propulsion was showing us coordinated ex, weather conditions, high and low pressure areas. Boom and cold and current. Either cold, the task booms in or blew them away. They form an highways that suckle the the kilometer. If they task cloud can cross the atlantic within a week the, the atmosphere is a true transpose of like the book to them at yale and up the matter contains chemical elements. And in some instances, nutrients, the touch police desert does transports help balance eco systems on the earth surface. This increases the sofas or the tail the tiny organisms, an arrow pointing tone, travel incredibly Long Distance. They said High Altitudes, but how do they travel . And how do they affect the ground . The countless micro organisms eventually touch down somewhere on us of the body. The immediate cause of manual is in catalonia and researching what is known as micro bill deposition and its connections to climate change. Hes working on a major study of micro organisms in the atmosphere and almost with a key science by his research is in the spanish baronies by the you see the just see the idea. Some of them out of the 2 dimensions of new metal. Were and an altitude of over 2000 meters, where theres little interference from local air pollution. Im using pizza. We want to capture micro organisms thats right in the atmosphere and travel from continent to cutting it gas in the office instead of going through them done a lot more so that youre going to do this. We gathered rainwater in a collector for one week and the sample includes micro organisms in small particle and sequence. We collect these in a filter and bring it to the land and i dont know one of them which, which, which, which, which the most part people us get the most i can hear. You can see the particle. So like, you know, whats not, thats part of the water is clear again, because all the particles got stuck in our filter and was talking to in the, in the particle as long as i, because there are organic particles like bacteria. It fund guy holland. And what do i need but also in organic ones like clay silicates can minerals that come from far away is almost because hes been in for another. And with us, what are some of those take us about a year and could be just from africa, for example, the phone which was transported them yet most fear system was washed out by the rain and the light. Thats what were capturing here. The water is probably running, there are thousands of millions of micro organisms in this filter immediately means that the media doesnt provide these these continuous deliveries of micro organisms are a natural process that if a cut through out of history, once the particles lined again the tiny travelers have a Significant Impact on eco systems, some bacteria and help boost pond gross by attaching to them and pulling nitrogen from the others, penetrate the soil, and recycled data. Organic monta, viruses and microscopic moans, regulate animal and plant life. So let me throw and these will stick when theyll gain when these micro organisms land in. They can colonize new habitat and we, when she spends an excellent dispersal system for bacteria that im allowing them to colonize the entire planet. Theyre small, reactive biological entities that land in a distant planet is what it and create new life in the summer. Gotta be the media. Cast them i yours teams started micro organisms in rain want to the is and with the help of weather data. Trace the arrow pine tons, pathways the scientists, but able to show which region ocean all continent the streams of arrow pine tongue came from. And they discovered some remarkable patterns of the in the summer arrow plant on tends to be local. It rises from the farmlands of spain and northern europe. Above the city is rivers and lakes. But in the winter, the major streams of arrow pine till him come primarily from the atlantic ocean, bacteria and viruses cross the ocean within 3 days and to send over the mountains. If i left the middle resort, that was going to be you, i might you better when we analyze the initial results of storm xavier and june, we noticed trends that recur annually. This was an amazing discovery. How is it possible that the same micro organisms appear at the same time every year . They see those up, but its going to be moving. We know they travel over the sea or emerge from the nature. Here are some plants growing. The spring of this growing the summer months, and these cycles are mirrored in the atmosphere, so used to speak last amino quarter and, and im with of the streams of arrow pine cones, a not some random mix of species drifting with no rhyme or reason. The microbial mazda is the rise and settle at the own cycles and seasons, just like bands, flowers, and bumble bee, the but given that it is the transporter of life, the atmosphere kind of also poses a threat. Among the multitude of microbes circling the skies a some to um say that humans can microscopic ero tank. Dont make us sick. The, on the flip flop. Need. Yes. Most of the people used to talk about my as a medic. X relations when it came to airborne diseases. Also the prevention wasnt possible back then. The method of transmission wasnt really yet known, because that meant that all human afflictions, but generally attributed to the environmental law. Some of the, the failed to submit this real nice old notion of a noxious atmosphere that makes people sick has some truth to it. We now know that all microbes and viruses floating indiana which can infect humans, animals and plants. But flu and foot and mouth disease can spread from bomb to bomb. With the help of the wind over several kilometers, adapt condition is can release legionella which causes potentially faithful pneumonia. The many fungal spawns that enter the atmosphere before settling in the soil. A microscopic taking time, bombs, the your, something you visited, the visual that was in the civil done. There are some pretty dangerous pathogenic, fun guy. The to the hospitals are mindful of this because when soil and sand and move during construction workers and their adverse wins, this is ask for deal a sports and other harmful molds can enter clinics and cause epidemic loading and unloading for you. What is it to them . You dont need to be sees of the genus as for dealers are found everywhere. Youre including in the atmosphere acute or if they appear in large amount. Theyre dangerous to him. You know, compromise that the girls with a degree of always keep touch of damage. The science has shown pathogens can spread of a medium distances droplet infection of a very short distance is of up to one meter, such as the influenza virus or the virus that causes cobit 19 is also being proven. The font that isnt solid evidence to show that transmission happens over a Long Distances of several 100 kilometers. The reason for them to those very easy to few pathogens dangerous to humans can travel very Long Distances, such as you dont have. The corona virus was studied in the laboratory for its vulnerability, and it turned out its very sensitive to alex to yeah. A cause. Does uv radiation and dryness quickly kill and render a virus harmless when its suspended in the air outside optimal way to treat. If i didnt think of the atmosphere is even more dangerous, but viruses than insects, only one in a 1000000 microbes survives. Its flight c by google. Cool. And hold on to the activity. But theres a large numbers of bacteria and seemingly really some pathogens are not get a cause for concern because theyre mostly dead. The only most were talking about traces of genetic material to spiral bacterial occur acidic, but not a live virus is. This is the lives of people, the men silica. Its very rare for individual viruses or bacteria to make you sick. Name a lot. It takes a substantial viral load to become infected. Because luckily i bodies have Strong Defense and most likely to always low level who the follows the organs, immune systems, vigilant. Now for the last most Infectious Diseases today transmitted by a different kind of and pop the way through our planes. Passengers on board spread micro organisms all over the planet. In spring time, poland takes its ton on this giant and carousel pollen grains produce themselves. They often travel far and wide and reproduce with the female gummy of other trees. This is beneficial to many living beings. The med, johnny, the poland grains can break, releasing irritants that make poland allergy is a widespread problem of the at the university of little in france, you called all visa and now they issue out studying poland. Theyve captured from the yeah. Theyre examining whether poland grains breakout more easily when they encounter pollutants. And this guy that i knew before. Let me adjust this the live. What else did they put in the x to is, is this pulling has truly exploded. Ill say um this one to credited the list of the samples from the books pulled and sees it. They could help cause thats where you can pull the polling this practice. Some dystrophy or what is it and stuff. Its so mock like that, its deflated the, the protective membrane is really shredded. If they how long they should get this one for the next week to see if its near. We see the broken poland which lost its original reproductive function. You can also see the release of the small particles to which are dangerous for people with as minus. Thats for by clock cuz its immeasurable because im truly confident. And of course not all pollen grains in the atmosphere are shown here has to mole our job is to count them difficulty. Whats the percentage of damaged, grand design, exploring . Are they harmful to hell . Is curious because hes interested for us on the date the research is one to better understand what happens between a pollen grain and a pollutant in the atmosphere. So that recreating this interaction in the power train, the appalling is intentionally damaged when they fix for free on a boss from the confidence interval rules are falling, must suffer. This is the revenge of people with allergies. If i start with a stream of ozone that arrives here and then i dropped the fallen into i looked into this makes the ozone molecules reacted with the surface of the fallen gram. But thats whats interesting to me in this experimental ethics styles. Only the buffer bundles that move it was on. Sometimes we talk about good and bad. Oh is known as the o zone in the upper atmosphere protects us from certain ultraviolet rays if you and is therefore in good assistance you will in the mail find out what ground level. Oh, so in the lower layers of air where we live is a pollutant location exposing well put in and uh now expose the pole into a slightly higher dose of oh so its equivalent to a peak exposure to that happens in the summer time when theres a lot of air pollution as the bodies he subjects the polluted fall into a series of test. As an intact pollen grain cannot enter longs, its to law changes stopped by on nasal has. However, if the grain breaks, it releases particles containing allergenic proteins. These can enter the brown, kill tubes and triggered outages. All asthma the researchers are subjecting the pollen to the kinds of stress may experience out in the wild want exam please rain, which typically causes the grains to explode. This problem thats purposefully polluted in the lab rupture more easily and want to unhealthy poland. Now the issue out especially is how much of the opponent is damaged. Ringback the want you to introduce followed by a mechanical shock test pulling that sweat dumped by the wind. Can collide with buildings and windshields, especially in cities, and then what happens if hes a sense, healthy and polluted, poland, crashing against the stuff is in a pond to go measuring device. Then he calculates the number of grains that have been ruptured. Sold to lot 40 show their found that air pollution week into the pollen grain. So its making it pro interruption palm and today is more likely to trigger asthma attacks is because it breaks more easily in the atmosphere a present to suggest single scene measurement. We definitely dont pretend that or fix our footprint on a micro scale, future clark or i think our human activities have altered and polluted everything, even on small scale. So what do we use as a share to actually move the articles that cling onto all the not released from human activities . So deposit goals are released from com traffic. An oxide is inc, and manganese particles are released through industrial processes scientist. So just beginning to understand the significance of arrow plant on to of the systems and its inhabitants and all the while humans continue to pollute the must be in the book. We do compete to force, you know, tomorrow we burn lots of fossil fuels for transportation. Proceed. Do it for industry to, to discuss the, the food, a sofa sort of, to ality for to i today. Large buyers can be seen from space, for example, that also a functional, this is all new c o nice, you know, manage, old forest fires. Are a common phenomenon triggered by Global Warming . Always who walk you mention to to see call these fires or at least gases and particles into the atmosphere above. The sky is above us, inhospitable. Were essentially burning down our planet as we burn coal oil and would the residential areas and daily activities generate huge amounts of particles and gas is such as carbon dioxide, me say. And nitrogen oxides or the atmosphere as composition is radically changing. And that impacts aero pine. Tone major and currents, even at risk. And then the system that i most set up the atmosphere at circulation includes several car doors or flo highways that are influenced by low and High Pressure areas. Typical names. They determine the movement of air currents and because they didnt get it in theaters, bless them. If i dont know its in the game, we now know that this circulation could be changed by climate change, the month of july, the next few minutes be certain winds and currents that have been stable for hundreds or thousands of years can change. And the tendonitis would impact ecosystem for and how organisms or distribution plant that effect on it was that was the stainless or least the knowledge of arrow biology is progressing. New Research Questions that constantly explode. Scientists, as long as you know that micro organisms were passive during the journey through the atmosphere. The theory was that they effectively entered a sort of high donation. By doing that time until returning to the ground mounted, it appears. Some do manage to remain active. But walk and they do in such a hostile surroundings. Thats one of the questions p im a to is exploring on the pleated on, you know, val, now was all the menu system. All know the new as of the cloudy weather today is great for cloud sampling. Its not yet freezing, but it almost feels like it is an adult. Government says this is a nice, big cloud that will give us lots of samples on us. Come on in the of the, at all. No thunder. You know the study, were installing a droplet separator. Its essentially a cloud vacuum cleaner that we can use to collect the particle of these little cloud droplets better suspended in the air filter than yourself also, and only push them against the surface so that they trickle down. Because then we can position a bile underneath and collect them till the party collected on the pounds of floating Water Systems that covers some 67 percent of the surface for ero paint on clouts off. No waste. Is there a source of water as well as food . Things to prom . Debris in the water droplets. And when it rains, the arrow pumped on, get a ride back down to the ground. And then f, as in victor, e commerce specific the vehicle doesnt. I want to know how it bacteria lives in such a cloud. And i know you have huge amounts of droplets here. And theres roughly one bacterium, and every 10000. 00 over him is that curia may be isolated from each other. Do they interact with each other and if so, how, what does it like for them to be all alone . And are they all alone . Or all the all gathered in one droplet and the surrounding space is bigger than we think its in the office because it also. So ill come on, i want to know how this life sustains itself, because thats exactly what it does. Its just a bunch of up to 50 percent of bacteria in a cloud can be alive. They spend 3. 00 to 10. 00 days suspended in that. Which means theres plenty of time for something to happen. Like old living things, bacteria are constantly making different proteins to cling to adults to bond, to go to protect themselves from uv radiation or to produce digestive enzymes, researches, uh, looking at around one to to detect these tiny traces of life. It seems like dirty foundation has on and you as an adult and you as even some bacteria continue living in cloud, so they absorb nutrients like carbon and nitrogen as nutrient as you see. Or do you also as a released c o 2 when they expire, the more that also molecules like sugars to better stick to surface. And shell 1st dont, shep occlusal to the thats x. Hopefully ill see, you know, there are many possible interactions on this. Um, we pointed out between the micro organism and its environment, the water droplets listed as to the, the incredible diversity of bacteria and phone guy in p. Im a toes experiments reflects microtubules, lights in the pounds, but life in yeah, is not easy. Experts now believe that the atmosphere is not a habitat in the conventional sense, all happens to be a remains a transit station, a tiny organisms the some years ago. An astonishing discovery caused quietest among arrow biologists, a bacterium known to be abundant in nature, ending clowns was set to be capable of producing right by a precipitation was coined to describe the rain making bacteria. A stunning revelation for people in the field of arrow biology, meteorology, and agricultural science. As a most all day in southern france, cindy morris is researching the curious ability of these bacteria. Its name, sued them on us, so we can get the loaner ring. The can live on the surface of clothes and clothes, disease at home. Okay, the melodies, julie, i conducted a little experiment to show you what this bacteria does to prolong pro fair. Are they pumped cindy morris spray the outer leaves of days while light is with a solution containing the bacteria, the leaves in the middle. When not, then the plant was placed in a freezer at a temperature of minus 6 degrees for a few minutes. All was good, you can see the prolonged tissue that with the bacteria has frozen and then dried out to associate. But the tissue was out. The bacteria is in 1st, as all the pseudo minus the ring guy bens bonds by freezing them a gene in the bacterium makes a protein that can create ice crystals. It uses the crystals to destroy the palm samples and feed on them as its believed the when found in counts these ice nucleation active bacteria speed up the formation of ice crystals which are essential for precipitation. It works in a test tube, at least to me on say so on on the coupon on barco shows that everyone knows you come prepared, the ice cube trays for a policy at the last minute because it takes time. Okay, you need an excessive rates. Its a for used falls, so calculus shows key. Dont i dont have to incite this to you. I have a suspension. Was bacteria if the speed these 2 to minus 3 for malta testing, but ill show you what happens when i add some of it. Is it just builds darrow, well just normally tube the low, low display stereo the every way. As you can see, its really the how does this phenomenon walk in the outside . Well, is it possible for ice nucleation active bacteria to rise into the air from plants make contact with a cloud . And to activate this gene to phone range from the fire . Precipitation seems promising. Scientists are gaining a better understanding of how the founded sacraments. They are connected through the rain cycle and micro organisms like suit amount us, the ring gay on that they measure heat sues you measurement and suggest that they can drive requirements rainy cycles depend that rain today will affect the rain full of the future cost through interaction address we have in class multi. Yeah, its a lot im micro organisms are using 5 y and they say its most about the amount of right. Yeah. These to top the frequency of rain, they pass through like quantity to pick you told me. So thats like on space and then a small frequent rainfall with the help of plans that provide the right bacteria to the atmosphere. Cindy morris is part of an International Team of researchers who are imagining a new phone, most accurate count. Yeah. They envision growing plants, the shoes in special fields, designed to encourage the growth of ice nucleation active bacteria. Perhaps one day, the special ero pants on organisms could even find droughts in certain areas. Thats just one idea of how we could transform the world. If we pay more attention to these mysterious organisms in the yeah, the of the freedom of trace in greece. Critical journalists under surveillance, im guessing buried in jewel suits or even much like Police Reports or your those kind of us according to reports is without board is its clear whos responsible. The so called tribal policy, a has like a media businessman, politics focused on human in 30 minutes on the w ice, cold b, c. At the end of the passage, any difficult to access an expedition ventures on to places that no one has the searching. And why is the i smelled the assignment, research in the ice teams march the guardians of truth. This time, excel gen. This turned into our meets the voices of a free turkey officer as the ad one has his to me into. As i knew the police would search my house. Courageous people are trying to stems. The turkish governments also are 10 pools of gibs. But only if the crime is addressed and the power of attorney to take responsibility for his actions. Guardians of trees, stock march 2nd on d, w. The. This is dw news, and these are top stories. One of the most powerful lawmakers in the united states, Mitch Mcconnell has announced hell step down as the republican leader of the us senate in november, senators from both parties, reacted to his announcement with a standing ovation. The 82 year old has been facing health issues. How mosque leader is smile, hon. Yeah, has accused israel of deliberately starving people in north garza. He also said the group, which is why the designated as a terrorist organization was showing