Am sure they have done it in 2008 and they have done it in 2014. I can remember in 2014 they have announced a seas faire guaranteed by the International Com by the un at that time, which we call the black friday, when one of their soldiers were captured a few minutes or few or before announcement of the seasfaire. They have attacked rafah and killed 300 palestinians in one shot during the seas fire, we are we are aware of their again covered behavior and their reactions as an act of weakness and act of cowardness. All right, thank you so much for your time, we do appreciate you giving us that time, dr. Basam naim, head of the political and International Relations bureau of hamas. From gaza city. Thank you very much. Were going to and take a look at the the gaza skyline here. For what we understand uh, the most Important Development coming, which has turned out to be false, in some sense, its an Important Development and that is the arafa Border Crossing to be opened. Announcement made by the us that israel and egypt were on board, but it seems like israel is not on board. And of course uh the other Important Party here, hamas, is said theyre not aware of anything like that, and they have not given approval of that, but. At the same time you have the uh bombardments take place, there are reports of uh israel actually targeting buildings that have been demolished already uh again, so uh they want to make sure that they are decimating the buildings in case maybe of palestinians wanted to take cover and uh even destroyed buildings, but they want to make sure that thats even destroyed. Situation of the hospitals obviously still very dire, number of children to have been killed has increased to over 720, i believe 724 uh the number injured uh in the thousands and these figures again uh need to be unfortunately looked at uh with a grain assault because uh we understand that theres about a thousand people under the rubble um at this point one of the latest developments coming is the uh bengorian airport where it says that that uh thesam brigades has targeted uh that with a missile and the situation of southern lebanon also still remain somewhat tense even though at this point noontime local time which is about 11 30 i believe a. M. In uh uh the palestinian uh territories that that uh that uh not as many skirmishes have taken place. For now were going to wrap it up, say goodbye but well be back with International News at half past the hour. Do stay with us. Whats going on everyone . Is a here back with a brand new episode of iran tech and im back here again at the Atomic Energy organization of iran once again checking out the Radio Pharmaceuticals facility to pick up where we left off last time and fill in the blanks when we talked about gallium and luticium and their diagnostics and uh Therapeutic Properties when it comes to cancer treatments and diagnostics of course but we left out one important element in between leutecium and gallium and that was iodine so in this episode were going to be covering iodine or more specifically the radioactive. Isotope of iodon and how it fits in perfectly between gallium and luticium which have diagnostic and uh Therapeutic Properties. Stay tuned. The similarity between iodine, luthicium and gallium is that theyre all rading. Radioactive and they all release emissions, radioactive emissions of beta or gamma rays, but the difference is in what each of them release, iodine releases both gamma and beta rays, gallium releases only gamma rays and luticium releases only beta rays and thats how theyre different in their functionality. Luticium is only used for therapeutic purposes because beta rays have therapeutic uh applications whereas gallium is used only for diagnostic purposes because gamma rays are used for diagnostics, but iodine releases both of these radiations, gamma and beta, so it has both of these properties for diagnostics and for therapeutic purposes. So in microcury doses in capsule form, we can actually use iodon capsules to uh diagnose hyperthyroidism or Thyroid Cancer, and in millicury doses with the same capsules and in the liquid form, we can actually treat hyperthyroidism and Thyroid Cancer, but how do we actually get this iodine 131, because that is the radioactive isotope of iodine that we use. Well, its no use for me to talk about how we get the natural isotope of iodine, which is iodine 127. So how do we actually get it . Well we need to take a look at the only element nature that is radioactive naturally and can be found naturally radioactive and through the fision of uranium 235, that is one of the methods that we can get uh 131 item, but theres also another method. Lets take a closer look at both of them. The radioactive isotope of irodyne used in radio pharmaceuticles is iodine 131 and not the naturally occurring iodine with the atomic mass of 127. There are two ways that we can get iodine 131. One is through the fishion of uranium 235, the only naturally occurring radioactive element on earth. Uranium undergoes neutron bombardment in reactors and though its fission, waters element isotopes such as xenon, molatenium or iodine is created and a chemists job is to extract all these different elements to be used in their own respective field. Field, and if you remember from previous episodes, the molepdenium has its own uses in radiotherapy. Another method of producing active iodine is using tilerium oxide. Tilarium 130 that is within tilarium oxide powder is also bombarded with neutrons until it absorbs a neutron and turns into the metastable telerium 131, which has one extra neutron. Metastable elements will decay, and after a beta decay, and some changes in the nature of the nucleus of the element, telerium 131 turns into iodine 131, in gaseous form, trapped in between tilarium crystals, now with some heats and melting the crystal will be released and later trapped with sodium hydroxide solution to then be used in radioformacy. Once we have our sodium iodine solution with very high purity, theres couple steps that we need to take before the drug is ready to be administered to the patient and that is because the ph level of the sodium iodine solution is really high at 14 we need to bring it down to be able to actually administer it to the patient because that level of ph you cant take that kind of drug, it will ruin the body as it goes down to the stomach. So thats one thing that we need to do. Another reason is that we need to add some sort of excipient to be able to dispense the solution properly into. The villes that we want to get out the door. So the first thing that happens is that we have our sodium idodon solution container that we put inside this first hot cell. Hot refers to the amount of activity or the radioactivity that happens within these cells, so we introduce the container to the first hot cell uh as such, and once the container is in, we need to go to the third hot cell where the the villes are prepared, so the way it happens is. We have lets say a 40 cury solution of sodium hydroxide, sodium iodine, and this 40 curry solution needs to be dispensed between lets say 200 different viles, each one of them with lets say 20 millicuries, so in order to do that we need to uh take this take a syringe and gather a little bit like maybe like one or two ccs uh of our sodium iodine solution and add it into some so once we have measured the amount of activity with the cury meter that measures the amount of radioactivity in any given solution. Once we have lets say 40 millicuries uh in our 1 cc or two cc solution in the ville now is the time when we add that active solution to the buffer. The buffer has a is is called a bicarbonate buffer which which includes sodium bicarbonate, sodium hydroxide and sodium cyosulfate, so these are the three things that is in this bicarbonate buffer, sodium bicarbonate buffer, and so now we have lets say solution that is 100 or 200 ccs and then we take the appropriate amount and dispense it among uh lets say 200 different viles and the end product is going to look Something Like this very inconspicuous uh but thats it so this is an edible solution so the the the patient will drink it and uh the the iodine within the solution will be absorbed around the thyroid to be able to combat Thyroid Cancer uh like so and then uh the other method of application, the other method of administration of this kind of drug is through capsules, so for now we had the liquid form, but then theres also the capsule form, which is easier to take, and also its a lot more easy to operate and uh also manufacture because theres less mess, because with liquids theres always the chance to spill it or break vile or something, but even when this vial breaks you wont really get much of the the radioactive substance. Outside of this capsule, so what happens here is that we actually need a another solution, we cant use the same solution for the capsule form as we do with the liquid form, so we need a different solution with higher density of sodium iodine, and we introduce it the same way that we did with the liquid solution, but here with the with the higher density, what we do is we have these containers for the capsules, we dont actually open up the capsules, the capsule has top and a bottom. We dont actually open it up, what we do is add this particular palette uh to the device, we introduce it to the device and with very, very tiny needle in the micrometers uh we actually inject that solution within these capsules, but within these capsules we already have powder, this powder contains disodium hydrogen phosphate and this is powder that has very high absorption property so you can add like lets say uh 3100ths of cc, it has to be very little, the amount is very miniscule, but you add that much liquid into this powder and the powder absorbs it and uh prevents it from uh being released into the air or going out of the capsule, so the needle is so small that the whole the piercing that it creates is so small that liquid can go through it, but powder cannot go out of it, and that and in that way its going to be uh sealed properly uh and of course in the end what we will get is the same capsule in a vile and for the uh the final step uh we have to we have to actually think about the packaging uh for which lets take a look here we have these 5 kilogram lead containers that you put the vial inside im not going to be able to operate it well with one hand so im not going to attempt to put it in, maybe i will okay that wasnt as bad as as i thought and then uh in this way uh the operator or the courier is going to be protected from the radioactivity of this particular uh capsule and the villes and uh so forth. So that was it uh for the last stage of adding the buffer for the liquid solutions and adding the powder to absorb uh the the sodium iodine uh to the capsules and thats pretty much it as far as the manufacturing process goes. So we have our sodium iodide molecules now, either in capsule form or in liquid. Form which is taken by the patient, iodine has this natural tendency to be absorbed by the thyroid. Once it is, the radioactivity of iodine 131 will start to damage the cancer salt around it by emitting betays, which is used to treat Thyroid Cancer and hyperthyroidism, since there is also some gammories released, the same process at lower dosages can also be used to diagnose these sinks. Diseases, and then after its decay, with a half life of eight days, iadan will turn into zenon, noble gas that doesnt react with anything and is safe to pass through the body. This type of therapy can also be used after surgery when the doctor has removed most of the visible cancer tumors, but we want to make sure that if any remains, they will be destroyed through therapy so it will never come back. The iodin 131 mibg radio pharmaceutical is one of the most important and valuable radiopharmaceuticals to diagnose and treat adrenal glands diseases such as neuroblostoma and fear chromocytoma com