The wealth in southwest England freezing rain will bring icy conditions to central and northern England and Scotland. Now a frame in the full blown think anyone else like this is a free country slowly from Wimberley. First this really is what is updates from the ground the best life sports face is you all full station this is 5 life. And this is up 5 live on Dawson added coming up in this hour in a moment to bring you news from the Climate Change Conference. Later on in this hour we'll hear about the plights of the mall Deaves the islands in the. Most likely to suffer a direct impact of climate change or at least of the sea level rising. Also 50 years ago this month humans 1st left. And headed to the moon. Apollo 8 will talk more about that later on we're going to talk about a film that lost less than 30 seconds it is now been inaugurated into the. Film Hall of Famer were they clearly the United Sates 32nd clip but this is from a 998 and what is shown on the film is remarkable even for today but even more so for its time will tell you more. Personally gauche Asians at the climate conference in Poland have been extended delegates from almost 200 countries are trying to find consensus on how to tackle rising temperatures in accordance of the Paris Agreement which comes into force in 2020 progress has been made but there are problems over the question of compensating poorer countries for the damage caused by climate change richer nations are resisting attempts to make them legally liable for causing climate change Gareth Redmond King is head of climate change W W F U K He's in Warsaw and is attending the talks and I asked him what's been achieved so far it's hard to say at this stage what's been achieved because they said there are there are. Of the overall agreement that's one of the I'm saying different meeting rate honest subjects negotiation. So to some extent those of us who are wrong kind of you know members of government from central to the talks were kind of saying traps for various stages and having to judge by and then find insults on the basis of that but all that being said what we have seen in the last 2 hours looks reasonable reason because it says. It looks as the countries involved in this recognizing the science of all this the I.P.C.C. Published a report last month that made clear just how serious the impacts of climate change are one half degrees and how much worse they get. 2 degrees for you know figure in just time towards that is to try and keep temperature rises to one half degrees looks like that's being recognized and it looks as the countries are committing to greater ambition on climate change what's really important the countries Great these talks as well is the rules of how they operate the parse agreement they all signed off the purse strings 3 years ago at this talks they need to agree the rulebook to how to walk to why the when how admissions reductions are measured how they are accounted for so there are aspects of that that are still a bit troubling I think Curly enough to make the tires agreement but we might still need to a bit more work on the rule book further down the line so it's listen reasonably positive it's not yet clear whether countries are committing to enough in terms of the money that is needed to help the most vulnerable countries in the world to deal with the impacts of climate change that will become clearer when we see the full text like the one I think is how these tools will be defined in the future you know Tyreese says oh it's definition it is definition so how will these tools be regarded later on I mean what we're looking for what we hope these were when when people look back at these talks is that they say that. You know the cast of the play called was Ready where countries really stepped up to the plate on the parents agreements it's on one level as parents is really hard and it's a huge deal for everyone to sign up but that was the problem and this is the point now 3 years on where actually those countries need to kind of step up and turn the process of turning that promise into reality and they need to connect to the ambition so that in 2 years' time when they come back in 2020 cars which we very much hope will be hosting the. They are committing to enough climate action to keep warm it's one half degrees at the moment we're on track for 3 degrees so what we really hope is that this is the ambition Cup I'm sure you are aware that the mood to use Representatives doesn't seem to be impressed with these climate change Simponi so far anyway yeah and understandably so progress has been slow it's been difficult and there's been a sense certainly half way through the talks there is a sense of some of the biggest countries and some of the countries that are perhaps a little bit more reliance on the economies a bit more reliance on fossil fuels with honey getting in the way but since then the 2nd week of the leaders of the champions of stepped in to place and and the climate vulnerable countries you know the low lying low lying are low lying island states like from all these have also stepped up and just being really really clear about the impact of. Stake here and they really have you know base such you know they have such moral authority because they are on the frontline of climate change and I think that has really helped push things along as well in the last few days but you know expressing that frustration and anger given how existential it is for a country like the Maltese is really important and talks like that actually for granted on site to what extent to what extent of these tools overshadowed by the fact that the president of one of the main pleasing countries is this the chump of cools the elephant in the room if you like I mean I haven't guessed he was. Thrown up I was going to say is it climate change skeptic to what extent are these talks overshadowed by the fact that you know you're not going to get much change from the United States on this. I mean. The United States is still a party to parse a grievance they are for another another couple of years and we stated in the end and said that Hans that the talks the world that was the conversation of the weekend I mentioned before. But it's a bit of a sideshow really at the end of the day all the other countries are in the room pushing from QUESTION So. Everybody signed up and you know they they have been pushing on a strong rulebook for Paris so they have been playing an active and constructive part in these talks and the other thing to say of course in in the U.S. Is that there are as I covered the numbers the same like you know well thousands of cities state companies organizations and of course millions of citizens who have very clearly stood up and said Well we are still in we are still in Paris we are still in tackling climate change and we are still taking action so there is still an awful lot. Happening in the United States it's a change care of Redmond King the head of Climate Change A W W F U K A U.S. Federal court in Texas has ruled that Barack Obama's health care reforms is unconstitutional judge read a caller in Fort Worth said Obamacare had been invalidated by a change in tax laws share which eliminated a penalty for not having health insurance with us over that David Willis table just remind us what Obamacare is the Affordable Care Act as is known Dothan came into being in 2010 and as well as the goal of health care for all it also set in place certain protections including protections for people with so-called preexisting conditions and those of the people who had previously either been declined health care coverage or were forced to pay very high premiums for the privilege their portable Care Act has proved highly popular last year more than 11000000 Americans rolled in it it's thought a similar number were possibly on course to do so for next year and despite their bizarre opposition to it and the fact that they have the majority apparently in both houses of Congress Republicans have failed in their attempts to repeal it and what's been said today. Well a federal judge in Texas today sided with an argument that was put forward by representatives of a coalition of Republican leaning states and that that contention is that changes in U.S. Tax laws that were brought into effect last year eliminate the penalty for not having health insurance and thus rendered that part a key part of the Affordable Care Act unconstitutional and thus the act itself invalid this I have to say does not mark the end of the matter the end of the line for the fordable Care Act Here a coalition of Democrat leaning states is expected to contest the ruling and ultimately this is likely to go all the way to the highest court in the land the United States Supreme Court any response from the president some people may remember the he even became very introverted totally against Obamacare as he said it's all on his ruling Well needless to say you're absolutely right he's welcome this decision by this federal judge in Texas calling it good news for America and the White House in a statement also called on Congress to come up with an affordable health care system that also protects people with preexisting conditions and yet as I mentioned they've struggled to find a good replacement for it in the past and the fear I think on the part of supporters of the Affordable Care Act And there are many is that America could without it go back to the days when what about 20 percent of the population here had no health care insurance at all David thank you very much David Willis there there is. Amazing piece of film that I've been watching over and over again can't get enough of it so any 30 seconds long 30 seconds long but it's from 1898 well shot but that's not what's really remarkable about it it's just being inducted into the American Library of Congress National Film Registry this is you know I don't know this is the equivalent us suppose of having a book deposited in the British Library over here it's been inducted into the Library of Congress alongside films like Jurassic Park My Fair Lady and Brokeback Mountain all of those of course big money earners of the box office but this 32nd clip that was only recently discovered 3 years ago in fact from 8098 is. Shares the honor with all of those great films look let me introduce our guest it's a talk about it because they might be able to put some more meat into this conversation this footage is getting recognition thanks to the detective work of University of Southern California archivist Dino Everett is with us hello Dana hello and University of Chicago historian Allison knowledge of fields who's an expert on African American cinema Allison good morning good morning. Tests have you both here now do you know 1st of all how did she discovered this film how did it come to your attention. Well we get calls from time to time where people come across a film and they're not really film collectors and so they find an archive and they call and say hey I've got this film and I want to want to get rid of it and that's how it came to us and ironically it came in a garbage bag inside of a box and it was just a bunch of films thrown in it and mixed in with the other film was something good how did you know it was good. Well. I think just being an archivist and being in tune with sort of important characteristics that you could see on a piece of film I saw some some signs on the edge of the film that clued me in it was very old and obviously the depiction of the couple being that it was very old immediately made me think it was really important and this is would you describe would have visited this film and the cover that Dino is talking about. It's really remarkable So it starts with them it's a it's a man and a woman well dressed and stage Costin's and they began kissing and then they prologue part and he pulls her back in and they kiss again and then she kind of quietly shakes her had and he pulls their back and they they kiss 4 times in the film which is really amazing and 30 seconds less than 30 seconds and they're just having fun they have a lot of joy they feel very natural there seems to be genuine affection between them it's not staged it feels really improvised and even though it's a performance and they're clearly performers they're just very natural and is unlike anything either do you know where I had seen an early cinema this isn't really a performance because the way I mean the way they kiss is you say for those who are listening this is what we would call snogging Actually it's more than just a little bit more than kissing if you know oh yeah. And I just couldn't even though they dressed in what looks like stage costumes the expression on their faces suggests they're more intimate than you well let's just make them you know their dance partners and you can see how comfortable they are with one another's bodies and they were in a dance revue together and they were used to performing together and they cheat out of the camera there they're very cognizant that the cameras in front of them and that they are being recorded but there is this kind of improvised sense to it that is a little more impromptu than what you would imagine a performance would be you know he's got he's got an extensive look on his face and she only mildly plays the coil I made and I think. OK So what happened next you know once she realized that this was a gem because there is a context to this it will come to the moment once she realized it was a Jim what happened then what did you do. Yeah well since I'm as a film archivist my expertise is really on the physical piece of film itself once I sort of decided OK this is old and important I reached out to Allie because I knew her expertise was in the early African-American set of US so I wanted to reach out to her to find out you know specifically is this a film that's already out there you know and if not. How can we find out exactly what film this is because those early films you know they don't have titles on them . But it was him credibly well shot for 8098 I know so you know it does go a lot you know go for it but the it's remarkably well shot this looks in the sclera and sharper than some of the big Hollywood movies from the side here it does really to me I agree but it's in great shape and I trade is an incredible medium as long as it's properly preserved it can it holds the image quality incredibly well so what was you research told you Alison about what the all regions of this for my have been the concepts over the why do so as you can see so just think in the context of it being fumed My bit is there any precedence to explain what's going on there yes so we did you were pretty sure right away that this was some kind of parody and that the very famous John Rice may Irwin kiss which was filmed by Edison and 896 it was one of the 1st films publicly exhibited It's a landmark in American film it's totn every film class and it's it's something that was very much in the cultural currency of time and it led to a kind of string of versions that were takeoffs about film and so this was clearly one of those. And so we started looking through catalogs and sure enough there were several titles that indicated that there were parodies or burlesque mayor in KISS but with black performers but the catalogs were very misleading and we combined that kind of. Research into the material evidence that you know was talking about about the physical characteristics of the film with what detective work we could do around surviving papers and the paper trail so film catalogues archived inventories and even the serious catalogue which sold sea legs films which is how we dated at $89.00. It turns out it was a film that was shot in Chicago by William C. Lake who was the owner of the C.L.A. Polly Scott company and he had actually been a manager of minstrel shows including working with George Walker and Bert Williams the most famous Minstrels of the time and he was plugged into the black performing community and Chicago and I believe that's what they were doing there that they at the same time as they shot this film they filmed cake walk film which also survives and I think this was done a little bit on the side as a kind of impromptu parody of the mayor when film I'm looking at the Mayo we kids are usually different and a very very different I hope your listeners are a little it because it is it is ubiquitous and they it's very stagey they kiss very chase. And it is not the kind. You know love will humorous kiss that are performers have. But the performers we know we discovered a little bit about them they were fairly well known and not super famous Chicago based performers named Gurley Brown and Saint subtle and Saint Sato was a ragtime composer and songwriter he was known for performing kind of high class characters. And gritty Brown became a performer with the Pekin stock company in Chicago which was the 1st black on musical involve Bill theater in the country about a decade after this was filmed so these were you know working performers in Chicago and then that Midwest Did you know do you know this was a parody did you know the regional food and this is talking about did you immediately recognize the comparison. Yeah absolutely because I mean just by chance I also happen to have. A bootleg cares that I think was made by this other company called Lutheran so I'm definitely very familiar with the cure so but one thing that strikes me on this it is for many of our listeners a provably don't understand this is social context of this new film why new I say from 89. To 70 Do we could anything yes you know what it was and as you know say these films were named on the films and south but they were sold with terms that would indicate to exhibitors what the subject matter was so they were sold with identifying titles and this was called something good negro kiss something and so it identifies the film as a Negro pass but some think it is doing something interesting in the title and I think it's indicating to exhibitors that this is not tawdry that it's actually you know quite charming and that it's something that a family could could say. And it's really that the significance of it is you know kissing between African-Americans in cinema at all is incredibly rare up until about the 1970 S. So we have as you say the snogging. But it's so different from all the representation that we have of African-Americans on cinema at this time I mean it was not American cinema was not hospitable to African-Americans they were frequently represented in demeaning racist caricature hours and this kind of well they're not the butt of any joke they're not the punch line they are being you know human beings expressing joy and love and that's you know we can't underestimate the power of the film simple assertion of just black humanity so how did they get away with that in a consensus where most filming of African Americans was done from a. Negro. Phobic necessarily but. Exploitative. Point of View anyone caught Suzy that Imation is well I've seen some animals of. Bizarre racist animation that of black people a caricature of them in those areas how did this film then book a good size the trend and what it would have done well would not well it's interesting so I want to be clear that the film itself was marketed as a comedy because of the presumption that the black people on screen would be inherently comedic So it was framed with all kinds of racist tropes that you're talking about but obviously what's incredible is that the film resists itself resists that framing and asserts its powerful image and I think it got away with it because you know frankly because of it of racism at the time I think the assumption you know sexual the seriousness of black bodies was kind of part of what the film was trading on but the performers themselves are really resisting and that's what's so exciting it is remarkable films I say a constant watching I would still want to get you know because you know it tells so much of a story you know when they say every picture tells a story this picture tells several several stories which you've both been called enough to elicit for us to have this conversation is over so if people just google something good negro kids will they get to. Yes I would imagine at this point yes yes there's a to. Digitise version that Dean has put up from us and it's pretty widely available they can also find it through the Library of Congress National Film Registry. And what the responses have been just believable to us you know just to how moving people find it this idea that you know comments like we've we've always loved and been you know the idea that it's so breathtaking to see this kind of representation of African-Americans and Jena was sued significance of this lobby of Congress recognition does that mean that this film will still be preserved for a 1000000 use him. Well. I mean the list itself is is important in drawing awareness we we immediately preserve the cell made a new print. And so knowing that it is now on the National Film Registry Like I said raises its importance and awareness so it now becomes one of the films in our collection at U.S.C. . You know at all costs we will protect of course yet it's also just a signal that it's an important part of American cultural heritage just like the other films that came out this year on the list like The Shining or the lady from Shanghai or Brokeback Mountain. Or is by that this is an important part Merican some history of to be a national monument and national treasure for 32nd clip guys thank you very much for really appreciate that thank you. Anderson I do feel their expert on African-Americans cinema and also to Dino Everett from the University of Southern California and this is from the University of Chicago wow Google would say you see what I mean it's it's addictive that one has got the latest favela headlines now has more than human on digital B.B.C. Sense of space. This is B.B.C. Radio 5 Live The Work and Pensions Secretary and the rod is the G.M. Pays from all parties to work together and try to forge a consensus Eva BRACKS It's rising in the Daily Mail she calls on politicians to abandon outrage and accusations last night for me Ukip leader Nigel for Raj told leave campaign is to prepare for another referendum a 33 year old man from Newcastle has been charged with planning an act of terrorism the 33 year old was arrested on cheese day he's doing cool this morning ministers are being urged to drop plans to give prison officers a synthetic pepper spray to help them control violent inmates the Prison Reform Trust says Pava isn't safe the Prison Service says staff will get Clay guidance Donald Trump has appointed a former Republican congressman from South Carolina as his acting chief of staff make move a knee will replace junk he was forced to deny calling the president and idiot sport now with Soka Manchester City manager Pep Guardiola. Says midfielder Kevin Dobro who suffered a 2 significant knee injuries in recent months of finished last season exhausted the Belgian playmaker has played just 5 times for City this season and has yet to complete a full 90 minutes for the Premier League champions I think you finish exulted last season was sort of mean he played a lot of minutes and it was an incredible incredible performance and I. Think in the bag I had the feeling you know me. And Oracle were quite well and mentally. So that's why I'm in the city host Everton in the Premier League early Saturday kick off at 1230 in the Championship West Brom have replaced Sheffield United in 3rd spot after beating the blades to one of bromelain Livingston produced a remarkable blitz in the 2nd half to beat Hearts 5 nil in the Scottish Premiership Livingston scoring all 5 in the space of just 14 minutes Mosel hours already eyeing up winning the B.B.C. African Footballer of the Year award for a 3rd consecutive year the Liverpool in Egypt forward is the 1st player to retain that prize since J.J. a Culture in 2004 I think. I would like to win it also works. For about. 2 years. In rugby as European Champions Cup The Exeter Chiefs won 2917 at Gloucester but still face a difficult task to progress to the knockout stage Ulster again picked up a bonus point as they beat scarlet 3015 all sprays the last $123.00 a start Francais in the Challenge Cup at the truck cycling world championships Britain's Laura Kenny Katie Archibald near Evans and Ellie Dickinson won gold in the women's team pursuit Kenny says it was great to ride in London's leave Valley Velo park again where she won 2 Olympic golds in 2012 Yeah I mean you know I absolutely love the House and the special memories and get out on my. It's fantastic So yes I'm here with a great B.B.C. Sport has learned that jockeys are facing a crackdown on their use of the whip particularly in big races from officials who are aiming to improve horseracing image over welfare but the jockeys Association has rejected any plans to change the rules here's our correspondent Cornelius Lysaght horse welfare is in the racing spotlight as much as ever and this week proposals aimed at making jump racing showpiece Chelton 1st of all as risk free as possible were announced by the British Horseracing Authority following the deaths of 7 horses as a result of injuries sustained at the 2800 Festival not acting on welfare issues could threaten the future of racing said the Authority which is planning to publish new penalties for with offenses particularly in the most prestigious prizes when it's considered the current rules are perhaps inadequate the professional jockeys Association opposes any radical changes particularly the banning of the web something spoken of privately by officials and Judge Trump is through to the semifinals of the Scottish Open after a $53.00 win over Stuart Carrington he'll face SEAN MURPHY next Daniel Wells beat fellow Welshman Ryan Day 51 to set up a meeting with Mark Allen in the 70s that's the latest from B.B.C. Sport This is B.B.C. Radio 5 Live on digital B.B.C. Sound Smart speaker. Good morning we've got some pretty disruptive weather in the forecast for you throughout the course of the weekend the 4th named storm of the season that storm has been named by the Irish Met Service and the Met Office have issued an amber weather warnings for snow and ice the typically across parts of northern England and Scotland that is where we're likely to see the most disruptive weather now one of the features of the weather today will be the freezing rain in the forecast and that is a quick rainfall calling from the sky on to freezing cold surfaces instantly freezing creating quite a lot of black ice very slippery conditions in the forecast for many of us as we head. And. As we head on into the. B.B.C. Radio 4. Days . I know it's a tautology but let's reflect on the fact that we're not getting any younger you know. 50 years ago this month can you believe it half a century ago this month he means 1st left the Earth's atmosphere and headed to the moon the mission Apollo 8 didn't land there but it did travel around the moon making it the furthest we've ever traveled in space 5 Live will be broadcasting a special program about it over Christmas but head to tell us a bit more about the mission is not cities all mere harmony She's the curator of the Space History Department at the Smithsonian Museum and I asked her how much of a leap was the Apollo mission compared to what had been tried before Apollo it was a huge leap. Unprecedented mission and we sometimes focus on Apollo 11 mission and the 1st steps on the moon but Apollo it was the 1st time humans travel to another celestial body. Before that humans and only traveled in an Earth orbit or even suborbital flight so part is the 1st time that humans travel to another planet another celestial body and it was a quarter of a 1000000 miles away just a huge leap and I imagine it was quite a precarious journey mission for all involved. It was there were a lot of risks involved in this mission so a lot of a lot of firsts is the 1st time that the Saturn 5 rocket was flown by humans and it was the 1st time that humans had travel that far and then also re entered the earth's atmosphere at that speed their thing after thing that risk after risk that the crew took on an order to make the mission a success and this was I mean the speed at which the whole mission was put together was to defy the Russians was essentially. That is so exactly so that and then also the lunar module which is going to be used for landing on the moon wasn't quite ready and so the original plan for Apollo 8 was to to test out this lunar module in Earth orbit but it wasn't ready and and there was concern that the Soviet Union was planning a lunar flight as well so they decided to switch things around and fly a mission without the lunar module just the command module to the moon with the hopes of beating the Soviet Union there did. A Cheve perhaps even suppose the. Gun control. I think it did and it's. A fight that as I mentioned there were a number of 1st like the 1st time humans had seen the far side of the moon with their own eyes and. But also they broadcast from the moon on December 24th and a quarter of the world's population listened in as the largest audience in. History at that point and more humans heard that astronauts Weiss's than I'd ever heard another human voice in history and what were the aims of that mission would do would did Mission Control the space. So they were testing out the vehicle they were testing out that Saturn 5 rocket the expectation was that hopefully before the end of the decade they would send humans to land on the moon and then return safely back to Earth so this was an important step in that that longer sequence of missions. So this this mission made it possible to achieve that goal within the next year so Apollo 8 orbit of the moon and then there are a few more test flights and then by by July 1989 was Apollo 11 when the 1st moon landing but what could they possibly have learned from the moon that would enable them to believe that they could lend. A rocket and a human. So some of the things they tested out was. The command module and navigation to the moon and they also took a lot of photographs of the lunar surface. To get a sense of where the astronauts might be able to land and then the next summer and just check tested the equipment on the spacecraft they must have learned a lot as well about the the effects of all of this on a human being. They did. The longer you are in space the greater effects of that 0 gravity environment Fortunately for missions to the moon there isn't there isn't a huge effect. We have found out now that there are some of the effects of the radiation in deep space as a 1st time humans were exposed to that deep space radiation. But in general it's not it not a huge effect on human health for that short of a mission but Frank Borman got you didn't he was he was the commander of this this lunar module Yes exactly so there was motion suggests. A real sort of immediate health problem and the other thing is that you sort of lose your appetite a little bit stuff like that but but no major long term effects how many days are they gone from. It was it was just $66.00 days is a relatively short mission sounds relatively short mission but I bet every 2nd of those 6 days was being more needs to do and watched and. Pose concerns of evil on the ground yes Michigan troll was following the flight the entire the entire time so they were there always people they they rotated teams in mission control to keep monitoring the flight the entire mission can we be honest and ask you wonder and discuss whether the Mission Control had. Fears. Sufficiently about the. Possibility of bringing viz men in one piece. They were there are real fears sometimes the astronauts would speak about the risks as you know there's a 3rd of a chance that Michele be a success a 3rd of the chance that it won't be a success but will survive in a 3rd of the chance that we might not survive so they they accept it very serious risks have to fly in space and there was a lot of effort that went into ensuring the safety of the astronauts leading up to the flight there had been a fire in in 1967 in the command module and during a test and so after that that the whole vehicle. Was modified and made to be much more safe and there was a lot of sort of redundancy built into the program to ensure the Astra safety but even then they were doing something that had never been done before huge risks a lot of 1st required brand new technology so it was a it was a very bold bold effort and 50 years on from that we're talking about. Space tourism and taking people who can afford it to the moon or New Jersey to. It seems. Unimaginable doesn't. It does it's it's still very very difficult to get to the moon and it or acquire a lot of effort and funding and. Dealing things with likes like radiation and space and deep space and so it's. Even though it's been 50 years science project Apollo it's it's still a huge challenge and it's still a really risky endeavor to travel those distances in space of course it is and we seem to have burned the moon does a good. Well there are there's a there are a lot of plans to go back to the moon or as the NASA administrator said earlier this week forward to the moon. Different types of approaches within the United States there's a recent objective or directive to return to the moon and there was more information that was released about that recently about. Commercial private companies participating in that and then lunar exploration and so and then other countries as well. Launch robotic missions and so there's still interest in the moon different different approaches there isn't an Apollo scale effort but it's definitely still a destination. Does America own the moon you know you suck your flag on it before but eels does America really just fly to the moon without your permission and. Anyone can there is there is actually some controversy about raising American flags on the moon during Project Apollo so the. United States as well as many other countries signed the Outer Space Treaty in 1967 and one of the things that's outlined there is that no country can take territorial possession of the moon so they're raising the flag although it does suggest some kind of claiming of the moon . No knowing can no one can claim the moon. And finally does this mission discipline 8 mission does it get the credit is clearly deserves. I think when people learn more about the mission and become more familiar with what was achieved and it does get that credit it's a mission that a lot of people might not have heard much about before if they if they didn't live through the 1960 S. Because we so often focus on Apollo 11 and the 1st lunar landing mission but. But as you learn more I think I think people will appreciate it more sessile pro-business it becomes a good subsea Apollo 11 and arguably you've already made the point that without a point there would have been followed 11 landing on the moon. Had you compare these things but arguably a risk here more perilous mission. And it's hard to compare risks because both of those missions. Were extraordinarily risky. Some people have said that it was the riskiest mission because it was using as the Saturn 5 rocket that had never been flown by humans and there was a huge risk and that. But I I liked it when I think of Apollo 8. To focus on is as some of the sort of the other element so there is this competitive element to be really beating the Soviet Union to the moon but also things like the astronauts looking back at Earth and some of them would say especially from this crew you know we traveled to the moon but the most important thing we discovered was the Earth and an appreciation for the Earth and how beautiful it is and seeing the lunar surface really amplifies that impression just how a lot and beautiful the earth is so in a sense of unity of humankind so from you know from outer space there are no political boundaries and. The astronauts really are appreciated that fact and it made them feel sort of spiritual didn't it cause new virtual exactly the Golden Quotes in the Bible left. There's a sense of a sort of connection and I don't say it is a brotherhood Brotherhood and says the hood of humanity and they took this earth rise image on their 4th orbit around the moon and that became an iconic photograph one of the most reproduced reproduced photographs in history and. It communicates a lot of what the astronauts experience this this beauty of earth and that we all live on one planet together and it's. It's something that we should preserve and take care of and encourages a sense of peace it's funny we this is beautiful quarter moon tonight over the United Kingdom and for those of us of my generation who just about barely remember following just about. Oh and more clearly remember fallen 11 but a current get over looking at the movie without thinking about Neil Armstrong or Frank Borman I can't you know that's how I conduct these journeys were for a generation that want to know you know once upon a time Graham turds generation Very never experienced a man walking on the moon and we have all orbiting the moon it's much closer experience for us now that it would have been safe for people in the 19th century we do have a relationship with the moon because of these missions thing a very different type of relationship and you think of that the 1st powered airplane flight was night you know 3 and then Charles Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic Ocean in 1027 and then you have that the 1st litter landing in 69 and this 1st litter orbital flight in 68. And incredible compressed timeline and. And then you think 50 years has passed sense than are all the things that have happened. But so from the Wright brothers to Frank Borman we owe all Turmeric is what you're saying is it. A big. Room for ages where you could see one of all those big with you as well fascinates you don't see near are many that the curator of the Space History Department at the Smithsonian Museum. Now on to subject that we've been covering all night long the climate change conference in code and it's been extended is delegates from nearly 200 countries try and find a consensus on how to tackle rising temperatures one country on the frontline of climate change is the Moodies the low lying audience in the Indian Ocean at risk of rising sea levels their former president Mohammed Nasheed made an impassioned plea for drastic action to the conference saying we don't think that this is asking too much we're just only saying please do not kill us Well Dan you both is a U.K. Journalist who's lived in the since 2012 he and his wife report on life in the mood Deaves for their website 2000 miles dot com Danny what do you make of what ma'am she'd had to say at this conference. It's very interesting it's quite symbolic she was back at the top conference obviously and what he is familiar with immense and a lot is not that he's a quite traumatic 9 years since he was president of the time he was thrown out in a coup he spent time in jail time and asylum in U.K. And now recently been able to come back to the country and centuries talking about exactly the same things is talking about 9 years ago and that's the most interesting statement he gave was when he said these are going very much a change in us not. Yet 9 years ago people my Remember old thereabouts pre-buy remember the underwater. Cabinet meeting that he held you remember that. Yes I was that was one of the 1st things I'd read about them on this because I wasn't particularly familiar with the prices for I got the opportunity to come out here and yet the island president documentary I don't know if people remember that the underwater cabinet meeting these are the things that was made making headlines before before politics have exploded here and took up all the space and definitely talk of the majority of my time over the past 7 years. As I recall the Underwoods a Cabinet meeting was to show the world highlight the problem of rising sea levels and to show the world essentially the MODIS would have to. Be destiny would need to be overrun by war and revive that have to live on the war say that in a way that is impossible said Julie but the world even though we we marked notes is that. That. Marketing ploy if you like to his campaign the world doesn't seem to take notice of it we moved on regardless we're back in the same place from what. She'd say now. Well and I think it's very interesting is quite quite depressing that this is not just a global problem people I think you see him when people talk to me about the mollies the Assume that the people on the island walk around all day talking about Obama change but they don't if they talk about politics they talk about was initiated in jail or whether he's not in jail it talk about they talk about. Things that seem insignificant and I think this is one of the reasons why I try to change what I'm doing out here a little bit because after working on was the politics of rising up politics here I was thinking to myself when I look back you know 93040 is what I was doing here and people are no longer on these islands I'm going to be asking myself what was I doing that this is just navel gazing this is short time isn't I think she'd been she's present some way saying that the cup. Summit again is indicative of that and he was criticized very much criticize here people people say should be talking about these things it's bad for business but he's very skilled framing the debate in that way and then showing looking if anyone does research into was happening around the time in an issue to same as having said that he was thinking about buying land overseas and I was never as a legitimate policy I was not nothing able to seriously and I rejected many with political opponents please framing the debate in a different way a long long 10 perspective which is very important for the future of modern civilization in terms of you and your wife is live. Have you seen it sounds a boy encroachment of the land by as. Well erosion and this is something that's quite tricky in all this because and I'm sure in many developing countries because of the global global awareness of climate changes as risen so many of these countries developing quite rapidly and small these falls very much within that bracket so easy a lot of erosion on islands as a result of development uneasy love depletion of whole water resources as a result of mismanagement and overpopulation So I think it's very important to try and understand better do more research and understand what I was saying the symptoms of climate change and what would be happening anyway and also that makes it less easy for people just business to dismiss the things that were saying they'll spend and I've seen it essentially impacts of climate change. Well you can see into the symptoms everywhere just recently we took a trip to the lawn a little and we with the dial and that have extremely. Extremely low lying even for them all these they have water that comes up through the ground into the streets which are not in all this before this and I think in Vanuatu places like that or not here we saw islands Island when Islands animal islands we were told had was covered in trees just a couple of years ago and we're now just barren rocks and nobody seems to explain to people to understand whether this is something that happened naturally or whether this is something that is occurring more rapidly but I think these things should definitely be jamming the more closely here people go do you think this current rates of rising sea levels. In the Maldives go. Well as a guess as the 1000000000 dollar question of the bigger they're trying to work out at the moment in Poland. They this very difficult to exist and to be independent without supplies of fresh water which they don't have already a most violent of them all this and then talking to now from. Next to Ramos the storage tank. He can hear locally the feeling is still we can we use rain water we harvest Ramos in the islands which is where I live and other islands a discounting water but English is an extremely vulnerable and in the northern adults in particular and we sing is the rainfall has been less and they have to rely on handouts from the capital they have to fly in fresh water supplies to dozens of islands every year not just as an increasing and I've been here and the reason that fresh water supplies is because of the sea levels. Well it's very very low lying countries low lying islands as we as we know so they have a freshwater land the very same freshwater lens on the island but that obviously gets contaminated quite easily but the 2004 tsunami didn't help and now people mainly use the groundwater for for washing and cleaning but not drinking. So there is already an issue that I think. Hello how are you I trust you well there I am bloudy you on the radio once again to welcome you officially to this speaking Saturday the 15th of December. Not long to go now News from. A little bit.