Transcripts For CSPAN NASA Leaders Brief On Moon To Mars Program 20220828

That is no easy feat, our guest today on todays panel will tell you about the work across an asset that will make our goals of longterm exploration on the moon and on mars a reality. We have bill nelson, the associate administrator, jim free, the associate administrator for exploration assistant development, the associate administrator for the state operations directorate, dr. Thomas, an associate director, the nasa deputy administrator. We also have astronaut randy resnick. We will open up for questions from questions from the room or from the media. Use artemis to ask your questions online. Here we are, we are going back to the moon but we are going to live and learn and develop new technologies because we are eventually going to mars. The goal was sent by president obama, he gave a date of 2033. It is more likely that now through several administrations into the biden administration, we will see that landing on mars in the late decade of the 20 30s. It is a time of excitement. Think what has happened in a little over the last year. We landed on mars with a rover the size of a truck. We flew a little helicopter in an atmosphere that has a 1 atmosphere. Then we look at what happened starting christmas morning. The result of that after 244 things of a perfect launch that had to work, we are getting the first pictures of what will be 20 years of pictures of light, that has originated in the far reaches of the universe. Already, we have seen it over 13 billion years. At the speed of light. 186,000 miles per second. It will look back to 13. 5 billion years. Shortly after the very beginning. There is a big universe out there to explore. This is the next step in that exploration and this time we go with our International Partners. Indeed, our International Partners are many. You see on this mission, the Service Module, once we get into orbit on artemis four and start to develop gateways like an outpost or a mini space station in lunar polar orbit, there will be many International Partners. Those will be announced over the course of time. Those International Agreements are being signed. The Artemis Records setting the standards for how we are going to conduct ourselves in space have already been signed by 22 nations. We do so at a time that it is a difficult time on the face of the earth in ukraine. A very aggressive president putin has a war going on to it and yet, on the space station are russian partners, the professional relationship between the cosmonauts and the astronauts does not miss a beat. The two Mission Control centers one in moscow and one in houston. Indeed, in a few weeks in america, an astronaut will launch on a soul use and in a few more weeks a russian woman cosmonaut will launch on a spacex. It is part of the integrated crew that is necessary to operate the space station. This mission goes with a lot of hopes and dreams of a lot of people and we now are the artemis generation. One of our special guests here, two days from now will be general tom stafford. The commander of apollo 10. It is no longer the apollo generation. It is the artemis generation. That brings new discoveries, a whole new world of discoveries. Those discoveries are being made now by the people on this panel and i want you to meet the doctor, she is one of the smartest people in nasa. It is an honor to be on the state with these amazing people. With the launch on monday, nasa is at a historic inflection point. To begin the most significant series of missions in over a generation. We are making sure that the agencys architecture is grounded in a longterm strategic vision. Sustained u. S. Presence on the moon, mars, and throughout the solar system. This is influenced by three external factors. Incredible capabilities internationally and in the commercial sector of the offer an expansive array of opportunities. Second, a robust competition that was mentioned that will affect all of our nations space activities. A physical environment that requires us to optimize our fiscal environment that requires us to optimize our resources. Nasa is working hard to establish a technically and politically resilient architecture for our longterm exploration efforts. The architecture has four components. The first is predation and habitation. We would like to conduct a campaign of Human Missions to the moon and mars, living, working, and conducting signs on lunar and martian services and a safe return to earth. Nuclear propulsion is a key foundational capability of the pillar. And will enable not just Human Missions to mars, but also find Scientific Missions deep in the solar system. The ability to develop and use Nuclear Propulsion safely, securely, and sustainably is a vital to maintain our global u. S. Leadership in space. The second proponent is infrastructure. We like to make a lunar infrastructure such that u. S. Industry and our International Partners can maintain a continuous, robotic, and human presence on the lunar surface for a robust deep space economy without nasa as a soul user while accomplishing objectives. A third critical component is operations. We would like to conduct Human Missions around the moon followed by missions to mars. Using a gradual build up would like to demonstrate the technologies and operations to live and work on a planetary surface. Last that is absolutely critical of science, we would like to conduct signs on the moon. Integrating human and robotic methods to address highpriority questions about the moon and demonstrate masses for future science. My colleague and director of systems elaborates on how we plan to execute on the architecture, that through our human exploration efforts, we seek to imagine and create first ever missions and approaches that showcase american ingenuity, pioneer science and technology, improve longterm affordability, reinforce u. S. Preeminence and improve life on earth and address critical critical and national challenges. What we are starting with the launch of monday is not a nearterm misprint, but a longterm marathon to bring the solar system and beyond into our sphere. I am foolish to be part of this integrating vision and let me hat off to jim. I am proud to be a part of this integrating vision and i hand it off to jim. Thank you, i think i could say that. To be part of the exploration systems development, what we are trying to do globally and frankly to be part of the artemis one team is a great honor for me. If i could have the first slide, please. We do have a beautiful vehicle at the pad. We have a launch team and an ops team and a Recovery Team that are rested as rested as of those folks can be with the hard work that they have. We have our Mission Management team, he heard about that today. The vehicle is so attractive and got a nice Lightning Strike are Lightning Tower number two today. Some of you have heard about that. It looks like it was a low magnitude strike. It has the potential to cross the threshold but the teams are looking on as you can imagine, a Lightning Strike, there are a lot of nuanced part of a mining strict analysis that you have to do. I am sure that there will give an on it this afternoon. We called the stations, it is exciting. This mission is our first test of our deep space transportation assistance before we put crew on them. It is foundational in the sense that we need to learn about the vehicles before we put crew on them for artemis two. It senses up longterm at it sets us up for the longterm at the moment. I love how we started talking about mars. As you have heard over the course of the briefings, this is a risky mission. We have a simple but aggressive objectives. Get the vehicle into orbit, in orbit, and back home and understand how the systems operate. When you to understand how the heatshield performs, and we need to recover the vehicle. All of those things are our objectives. Those three objectives. We do have a lot of things that could go wrong during the mission and places where we may come home early. We may have to abort to come home. That is how we test the system, too. Getting the vehicle back, that is incredibly important as well. We will be balancing risk and looking at teams that are launching this thing and operating it. Blocking it out of the ocean. We put systems in place to understand the risks and note the risks we are taking. That risk has great reward on the other side. Studying the environment of the moon, we can learn by staying there longer and developing those capabilities we need on the lunar surface and in orbit around the moon is worth that. It is even more worth it when you consider what artemis does here on earth. We talk about what is going to happen in the next 42 days but the Technology Development and the state of the art facilities and advanced manufacturing, diverted businesses that can provide components to us, supply chain issues, you have heard a lot about that long the wait. Growing the aerospace field, i am publicly biased because that is the field i am in. That new generation of workers ill be inspired by saying the rocket fly and that caps will fly and come home that will be inspired by seeing the rocket fly and that it will circle and come home. What makes artemis different, we have put science in it from the very beginning. I got interviewed for science in seconds today. I said i could speak seconds about science but the science is what we are doing from the beginning. The doctor will talk about the science on this mission and out how we are trying to get central to our architecture in the future. As we develop our architecture, science is in mind. We are starting with our rocket, spacecraft, or systems that get us there. Gateway, our gateway in orbit around the moon has science being built for today by the size Mission Director and our International Partners. It is our landing area, we put boots on the surface for us in development today. The rover that takes our scientists out to the site, the suit that they use to navigate through the surface and pick up the samples to bring home. We design of those elements with signs in mind. How informed and how we can stay longterm and how we move on to mars. We learn about the moon and built out our lunar presence looking at our systems going to mars, we develop capabilities that will enable those things to happen. We need the things we are putting central to our objectives. We will be sustainable this time, that is not mean we are staying 365 days, we can stay 30 days and help enable others to stay there while we are not there. We are going for all humanity, we are going with all humanity. The more nations and companies at the moon, the more that we learn. Encouraging our Knowledge Base and capabilities while strengthening things here on earth. We are thankful for you to be here and on today. I hand it over to our closest colleague, the one i am completely close to, kathy. It is amazing to be part of this team. Everybody on the team is part of our team and pathetic the broader team out there really getting all of this work done. This team has been getting ready for a while, he had to be prepared for the mission that is going to be going off this monday. We are preparing for the missions coming up. Here is a picture of kate, they are at the train export in the volcanic area, it is another example of the teamwork that the administrator talked about. How do we get ready . How do we figure out how we are going to go established the procedures and processes to be able to go to the science that jim talk about talked about . Not only do we have to figure out how to work on a surface, which is what kate and team were doing, we also had to figure out how to live and work in space because as we are going and doing living around the moon and on the moon we have to figure out how to work in these Different Gravitational fields and be able to have processes to be able to take care of the humans that will be doing those missions. The International Space station is a place where International Teams Work Together just like we will need to have International Teams working together and are operating together in the future. If you see in the picture there is one of my favorite things is a new mexico person with a hatchet chilly, how to have food in space to be able to live and work. In addition, you see scott giving himself his own flu shot. We have to figure out how to deal and be able to take care of our crewmembers and all of the learning we are doing on the space station right now helps us do that. Next slide. This is a picture that is a great example of the collaboration across nasa. This is us doing our upgrade of our solar array which actually started with our space tech brethren over there and thank you. The technology that was developed and is being proven on the International Space station is also being carried forward into the gateway. It is another place where we are considering continuing to develop and mature and use across different platforms that we have for us to be able to live out operate in space and do the science for our groups over here. To be able to accomplish the mission that we need to have. I tell everybody, without a, and data and command, we do not get the critical signs data. It keeps our crewmembers safe and be able to get things done. An International Group of crustaceans and processing facilities that are going to be supporting this mission. Providing critical capabilities to be able to do things and collect data on hardware we are flying. The data is important for us to learn from and be able to apply to the next part of the mission. It is important to collect data from the signs experience we are talking about science experiments we are talking about. We have a lot to learn before we figure out how to live and work around the moon and on the moon and all that will be helping us than to be able to further apply the learning will be tougher for us to be able to go live and operate on mars. What is really great is that here i am with the team of folks who help us go get there and one of the most critical activities we have while we are doing it is to do our science. I will hand it over to thomas who will be talking about the science we are doing on this mission and the importance of it. Thank you. I am reminded in a month start will hit his stride as an asteroid and it is powered by the solar panels. We are using it for a science mission. The word that both of you are using really is the key of my notes is learning. We are exploring and doing science and Building Infrastructure we are learning. I want to talk about the learning of science and i could talk about the Robotic Missions, mapping the moon for over a decade. Lunar reconnaissance orbiter. They have done amazing work. I want to talk and go back and look at human exploration. My favorite picture of this, you know this picture which is a picture of buzz aldrin standing next to a science experiment which is foil and correcting the solar wind as it is coming down at 400 km per second from the backside. That was collected and that is the kind of science that we will do on apollo. It is so important to me and our next slide shows we are going to a moon that is very different than the moon we left with the apollo program. We learn a lot of stuff about this moon and here this is one of the indications of it. A measurement of a mineralogical mapper during an indian mission. That two of the cure launched map that water at print ways. One will be used in a neutron, and the other will use ir to go look at mapping of those resources that are there. It is those resources that are really unexpected, in the moon, and in the past. Other elements that are so important in the signs that have done this, and indicated to the next slide. One of the researchers has that out there, and it is primed to be very sensitive there. You remember the radiation away from the earth, and lowearth orbit is different, space radiation with a Magnetic Field that deflects a lot of radiation that is coming down, and that does not come up. It is space radiation that is not coming through the earth. So it is a lot more radiation as you go beyond that. Astronauts will of Course Experience that as we go there, and its those experiments, 70 of the dna is very similar to that, so we can learn about this as we bring them back. There are other out there, and biological agents out there for us to learn. The most important part is indicated on the next slide. It is the future. I want to tell you, when i think of this, its an artistic image of an astronaut, of the moon, and there she is. Lunar recognition from her hand, and she is there, but we are thinking about is the lunar lander that is the overall artificial intelligence, and even a ground team that has enhanced comms that you talk about. It will provide information there. So you say thats nice. That is what our decade of strategy of science in biology has told us to do. Precisely those kind of robotic human signs that are prioritized for the first time by a national academy. Last week, we listen to a presentation, all of a sudden your, about that decade of coming back with these priorities. There are a lot of things to learn, and it is really the starting point of learning of that on the moon, as ive said. It is very different than the moon we left the last time we were there. Many years ago. When i was a little kid, and i dont have any recollection of that. And neither do most of the people on earth. That is what we are going to do. Tell us about that. Thank you. Thank you. It is a great honor to be here. Technology as it goes by, it shares excitement of the mission. It kicks off many more Robotic Missions to come. We use our portfolio to develop technologies to land and live and asked for the moon and mars in collaboration with industry, academic, and other asians. One of these is the result of technology on monday. Pennsylvania and california Small Businesses, ribbon mills, and advanced composite san diego , led by nasa, developed a oneofakind robust material for the heatshield. Here, you see equipment weaving that material for use on the space capsule. It worked with space tech to mature and deliver thermal protection or artemis one. Lockheed martin use these materials for compression pets. Here is a closeup look because next image, and on various locations around the surface of the outside of the airshow. As well as insulating and protecting other parts of the speech area these are two examples of Small Businesses supporting our next steps human exploration by fermenting new technology. We also will work with industry to support the areas like excavation, construction, and the research civilization. Power for the moon and mars. This past week, we announced awards for three companies to create prototypes for solar array systems. It provides continuous power to the south pool. We are also working on approaches to develop power through ongoing collaborations with the department of energy. This will yield Power Systems design for the moon and the technology to power our expiration of mars. We explore mars, requiring room technologies. For instance, we announced a collaboration with a company to develop the next generation High Performance processor. This will have 100 times were competition will capacity and tolerance, enabling computations we need for future Mars Missions and other places in the solar system. It is fostering technology to get to mars, and we will ensure propulsion technologies which can provide power and speed to mars in a shorter time. One suite arrive, on the order of 20 metric tons, it is also a challenge next image. Our last mission will demonstrate that it can land crude missions on mars. In november, therell be a demonstration on earth. We are also demonstrating precision landing technologies like doppler lights on the moon under the payload surface and in should of initiative. It will use that will help us demonstrate technologies on mars. A number of these technologies have already been started to develop and demonstrate. Precision landing capability currently on mars is converting Carbon Dioxide oxygen from the atmosphere to oxygen that we could use for refueling our spacecraft or breathing for cruise. In closing, i want to acknowledge and thank every individual, business, and supplier, that is helping to make this a reality. Together we are charting past the moon and mars. Hundreds and thousands of towns are part of this endeavor. Thank you. Before he handed over to randy, we have a message from Jessica Watkins on the iss. Hello. I am Jessica Watkins, on board the International Space station grid we are flying 260 miles above the and it. From here, we have a tremendous view of the planet. It gives us perspective on the earth, but also on the accomplishments humanity can achieve. Space station helps us learn what it takes to work in space, and how to stay healthy. So many of the things we do on the space station are giving us knowledge, technology and tools we need for the missions to the moon, and for missions to mars and beyond in the future. To me, expiration is about pushing the limits of what we are capable of. As someone with a background in geology, i am looking forward to all of the science we will conduct on the moon. We will bring back samples for understanding the lunar environment better than we ever have before. Im looking forward to the surprises. Things we will find or learn that we dont already know about. The expiration efforts are for everyone. We will watch from your own the space station, along with all of you. Good luck to the team in the system and the craft. Thank. Skied up for you. There is a saying in space. You never want to be a speaker who follows in srap. I would like to say that i can add to that you do not want to follow a speaker from space. Representing the operators of all of the science and exploration that you heard from this panel of nasa leaders, our core is involved in every step of the way. With the directorates, we have an experience and expertise in the design and development of this app because ultimately, we represent the people who will be on this vehicle to the moon, and also to mars. So, a lot of the progress has been hardware with uncrude flights but the presence involves the pathfinder for our next mission, which is artemis two. Will send humans beyond the lunar orbit. Everything we are doing, through the lens of what we can prove, and what we can demonstrate that will buy down risk for the crude mission. Certainly, as was mentioned, we are training our roots through analogs, space analogs, as well as the iss. The testbed and using it for analogs, as well as equipment it next one example is that we know that the sister of apollo but the twin sister of the tortoise will be on artemis two. That is up on the iss right now getting tested out, and learning more about it before we have to do flight. Thats a great example. And we have an extra office in court, and in terms of people and the experience, we are able to harness the skills and talents for geology and test pilot. That is one example of two people, but we have astrophysicists and educators. We have edible doctors. We have engineers. Even a veterinarian. We will use all of those talents to go out and do these missions, and they are going to be taking place very soon on the moon and on mars area inky. Thank you. We want to hear from all of you. For folks in the room, if you have questions, raise your hand. The folks on the phone, these press star one to get to you. Online, if you could use the. First of is marsha. Marsha done. I am speaking of out the twoyear lag between one and two. What is driving that, and if it goes well, can you push up the next flight . There is a couple there is development of the vehicle, and the orion crew module with artemis to has been fully outfitted with the environmental can troll and lifesupport systems that we need. The development of that integration is complex, and it is one of the things that is driving the time between the others. We are using the boxes from artemis one and two, so we need to get the vehicle back rated getting those boxes out, and retesting them. We have to send them to retest, and get them back to put them in the module, and put everything around it then needs to be installed, and getting the vehicle tested and ready to go to be delivered. The stakes are really high for that mission. We are going to take our time and do it right. So thats driven some of the artemis to schedule as well, but those are the three things that link it so the second question is can we pull it up sooner . What i say is we are going to get through this and we will learn a lot, but i cannot say less bulletin. It will take time to go through the data we find on artemis one, and the worst cases we might make a design change, but the best cases we will do the right thing to keep things at the end of the table, safe when they fly on it and i will be our most important thing. I think we will live in. Thank you. Laura from bloomberg. Hello. First time im saying this. Ive talked a lot about sustainability but im wondering if you could be more specific about what sustainability looks like. Can we say it is a habitat and how do you envision People Living on the moon. I can start. I said sustainable more than anyone else, but we want a infrastructure. We can rely on it. And there is other things on there. Landing pads, Communications Systems and attributed our. Its not really just about going and staying in setting ourselves up for 30 days. We want everyone to contribute to it, so marshall entities, and partners. We can go, and anyone else can go, and we can stay for a longer duration. That is really how we look at the sustainable peace. We cant do it all ourselves. People tend to think about the crude piece of it. But we also, when we look at operating, how do you melt the crude piece of it, and what was said, the uncrude piece of it to optimize science and technology we are hoping to get done and optimizing the use of infrastructure. I will add to that, we have utilization to live off the land, in essence, so we can get a lot of consumables from the environment in the soil or the water we will use that to create a Sustainable Future as well. Washington post. Just a followup on that or whoever wants to take it, there is a lot of talk about astronauts and rockets, net could a lot of attention, but distributed power in dealing with this and all of the problems, do you feel like youre investing in those programs to create a sustainable present . I dont mind starting, and we can probably talk about the others. For my perspective, we have to put our plans together for what we need as we develop the architecture did we need to put in our budgets the surface habitation that was mentioned. We need to what in the budget the rovers we need to get out and do the science, and so the Artemis Missions are planned in chunks. We need to get this done, so people can they plan together, and what feeds those elements we bring down art the technologies that are developed, so are we doing enough . I would say i would love to be doing more, but we need to be realistic with the developments that we can take on and do in partnership with other countries and entities read how fast the technology can be built as well. I dont know if you want to jump onto that. We are making investments. We have plans for the different types of technology to develop so we have infrastructure in place. It starts with power, being able to do everything, so we need to be able to have sustainable power, and you mentioned we were awarded three contracts to start that capability with modular Power Systems, and that would also increase the amount of power, and with that, we have lands for the situation utilization, where we will excavate and process the water to get the consumables that will be useful for us in the future for all of our activities, so we are laying a foundation for all of the systems needed for example, in the advanced any fracturing first structure on the surface. All of these things we make investments on, ensure, we like to do more with higher budgets, but we are starting the process now. Next i would add to that we are thinking about how to bring commercial entities as bigger partners, and not just by technology, but think about power and services. It is a range of options that has been considered. Space news area hello. The question for the administrator you helped craft authorization that directed them to develop the fls at 39 b. That directed nasa to 2017, and is now 2022. From your perspective, what sort of lessons can nasa take away from the extended development of sls, and of late to future elements of this architecture so we dont see similar delays rated that legislation also directs the development of the commercial activities. We have seen extraordinary success for commercial cargo to orbit under kathys leadership. A combination is what has been described today. Your question is, what do you do to stop there being cost overruns and overruns on time . I would simply say that space is hard. You are developing new systems and new technologies, and it takes money and time. You do not need to look any further than the extraordinary instrument we had. A million miles from earth did now, is taking picture of the universe. Looking back in time. So, what we are doing in the future to try and stop some of these cost overruns, we are trying to simplify the system. We are taking, for example, 16 contracts and combining them into one, so we have one area and one contractor for all of the sons. We are implementing a Program Office or a moon to mars. That will help us have better coordination there. We are trying to do all of these things, and at the same time we do space. The proof is in the pudding. Right now, we are on the cost of something that is ready great. It is described as an it has been seen. Out there in the hopes and dreams of had right now. Next will take a question from the phones. Christopher from astronomy magazine. Good luck on the launch. I wanted to ask an administrator question as a devils advocate or a critical side, and that has to do with the cadence of artemis as you all the red apollo has more test flights to saturn and the modules before attempting a landing, and artemis is much faster before landing, and it is an attorney internally challenging environment. Can you answer back to those who think artemis cannot or should not move as fast to land on the Third Mission to mark what do you think the cadence is too aggressive . Thank you and good luck. Thank you. Thats two different times, 50 years ago. Look at the advance of technology. I have ultimate trust in these people here. To know when we should lots, this is a test flight. As said, it will be stressed and tested in a way we would not put humans on this. That is the whole purpose. He has three main objectives. You cannot test them in a lab. You have to bring it back hot and fast to see if that shield is going to what its designed to do. So, that is the difference of 50 years of techniques. Computing, and all of the advances that go into this. But when you get down to it, spaceflight is risky business. We accept the risk that it denies our identity is the american character any thoughts . Thank you. Senator nelson and for anyone else who might want to chime in, what do you think at this point is the pacing item two get astronauts to mars in the next 15 to 18 years. The timetable was set by president obama. He said 2033. Each successive in administration has supported the program, and the realistic time now that im informed is late 2036, may be 40. Would anyone like to pick up on that . I would say that the items are life control and support. We are doing testing to try with that rate radiation production for the crew. The effects are a lot different. It is been said outside of lowearth orbit, and entry to landing, and weve landed one metric ton, and have to landed 15 to 20 to get humans down there. Those tests are much like the things weve done back on earth like the sun talked about, but that technology has to be developed, and i havent even mentioned repulsion. That is everyone jumping to propulsion, but it has to be solved as well. Those are the pacing items and the work is happening on the iss with funding out of our organization, or the lifesupport system, and radiation section, and there is a landing. Investments are starting now, but those are the three i would highlight outside of portion area next one of the things people dont think about us keeping the crew healthy physically and psychologically for three years. When you think about that, its going having these differential environments to be able to do and be able to orbit the space station and land, it is a crew as soon as they go do activities after being in orbit. Being under certain protocols, and if they land on mars, they will have to do things when they land after this trip, so it is really whats great about the mission is that its testing us on all once. Humans, technology, behavioral it will take really advancing the state across everything which is exactly what you want to do. Quick thank you. Next bbc france. Radio canada. Can you tell us, you underlined importance to land on the moon. What is the site the schedule once you have achieved this First Mission successfully. What is the schedule when you dont have a starship which is flown once. Thank you. To land on the moon, we have a system, and we have a starship, and we have our suit we have a Development Plan with a contract of human landers, and Swift Company spacex, which has Development Milestones. Technology Development Milestones that we monitor with them. Along the development path. They have a team that understands the challenges they have, and once they land a starship, we will watch them do that. I dont want to lose our spacesuits contract which is just as important. It could be ready, and if our suits are not ready, we will not land on the moon. Our suits are ready, or starship is in. If you giphy on three and you start lining up artemis four and five, we have a lot of development go through, and a lot of angst have to come for the mission. We have to get used to the fact that things will go slow, and some things will go on schedule, and they will go fast as well. But they come together on that mission. We have a human landers team that is the best people in the world on the moon. And we will entrust that role with a contract to deliver it, and that is the job to deliver it to the job we need. Can you tell us if 2020 five remains realistic . That is our goal. I talked about spacex, and we just awarded a suit contract as part of the suits as we put orders out, and we just august 5, with a task order response for exploration, we had a schedule laid out for those, and the team is trying to work with the contractor to that in place. We will hear from them in the coming months, and the next month when we launch on monday, but shortterm, we have structure, with the moon to mars, and we are directed to put that into congress, but we have a structure that there is one person i can point to and tell you how things are going that person is tracking all of the milestones that need to come together, and we are still hope to make it there in 25. Marshall. My question is for marsha mr. Nelson. The moon tomorrow strategy, doing this in 18 years, im curious how you balance this with getting stuck on the moon, and those who really want to get stuck on the moon, if they want to have a sustainable presence. How do you balance that come up with a kate in a cadence of that. Satisfying both groups. That is a great question, and it has been our intention throughout, and we go to the moon to mars, and we support the continuity of staying on course. I think what we have done is we have continued to work with the Industry Partners to develop objectives, about 50, and its under development, and finetuning, and they objectify both the moon and mars as targets, and they are integrated, and they demonstrate how doing things on the moon will help us get accessibility to mars. We are striking a balance, and it is never the moon or mars. There was a mars horizon goal, and it has a history of the horizon, and the martian horizon will. If there is Something Else you would like to add . As the legacy of the biden administration. They have ramped it up. It is not just to the moon. As to the moon and then to mars. That is what has been explained to you today, and that is how we are going to continue. You heard the exciting stuff they are doing in spacex. In order to prepare us rated jim mentioned propulsion is a key because if we go with the present propulsion, it takes a long time to get there, and the planets are out of alignment, and you have to stay on the surface for a long time for the first flight. You get a faster propulsion, and you can go there and stay a few weeks and come back. All of this is working together. Practical necessity to go to the movie or mars. You take apollo and ringback regulus, we found out how destructive that was for the spaces. With these incredible rovers we have, we know what environment is like area it is not as difficult as the lunar surface in terms of our gearboxes and spacesuits and things like that. If you think about going to the moon as a camping expedition and mars being a further out expedition, you will not go out to the alaskan wilderness and just going to the Sporting Goods store and buy boots, without having tried things to break them in. You will try to go to some local place, and maybe you can come back to you quickly, and come back home if your shoelaces rake or something. We will not have that option if we go to mars. We will take everything with us, so moving the habitats and hatches and suits and rovers and wheels and all that stuff moving that on the moon is buying a risk for artemis too. It buys down a risk and we deal with the exposure of radiation longterm. We deal with a fact that we must take water and food with us. By taking that, it is a risk of getting there, with the time it takes on the surface. How it will work the entire time, however longer for this thank you. The atlantic. Hello. Im with the atlantic. I have two quick questions. First for the administrator, is it holy and officially committed to establishing a base on the moon in this decade, or in the next decade. Give a timeline for that, and is the timeline the most base experience of how missions get ready, and when they are ready, do you ink 2025 is realistic for an artemis landing. Thank you area there is nuance in the answer. A permanent base. Jim has given you nuance. That doesnt mean we are there every minute of every day. Were talking about upwards of 30 day missions, but there might be another Mission Going on at the same time. Also, we have activities going on gateway. It is not a permanent human presence on gateway. Its more of an outpost, and yet, it would be, and there could be all kinds of new things we are doing there. We dont know, at this point the technology is going to be on the spacecraft going to mars. But it is possible that it will be assembled in lunar orbit and then, go on a journey to mars. You want to add any of that . X i think you covered it. Well. The other part is permanence, and that is what we are trying we talk about habitation, and you heard randy talk about that at the south pole, and you heard many folks talk about how hard it is, and we have to decide, youre putting one big habitat down, and is it the right thing to do because we may not get there with a launch delay, and with the habitat, the lighting may not be allowed to do it, so that could be somewhere else, but that is the architecture that we have coming out of the objectives for coming out. It is really going to decide whether we have a holistic solution of how much we invest in a single habitat versus a lot of different small campers, smaller than the tent small campers is well. Xos are traits we are going through. Is this realistic . We have to. Otherwise, it ends up being openended, and we never reach that. With the program, and in collaboration with them, we look at the pace out there, and then we go online and we see space acts, where they are making things. They are working towards the pace. It is great hope that we will get there, and we have the right partner right now for that mission. We will find out more in the next couple of months because we have signed a contract, and as said, the lunar lander can handle it. We will have it in how quickly our suits will go, but on an earlier action, factoring apollo, they didnt know they could do it. Everything they did was new. We built every flight, and you didnt know if you could modify it, because everything was on flight area do you know if it was possible with artemis, you have technology. We now have to find the right people to build and design it, and ultimately go out and life. Thank you. We will hand it over to tally up to take a question online did ask thank you. I have a question from twitter. We are already discussing how research and lowearth orbit has prepared us for lower missions, can you explain how research on the moon will prepare us to send astronauts to mars. Back i will take the first shot and have kathy way and read i think yours, we learned a lot in early shuttle flights, and we learned about microgravity and systems. Now, we have years tested, and there are issues when they get to orbit. We are going to take advantage of the partial gravity on the moon to test out systems, so we know how the systems on the surface of mars and that cavity act as well. So that is the big and we need to get to. I think the other thing is, working in a system, working, in in a learner orbiting platform, and missions on the ground, along with rovers and during both crude and unproved origins of the mission, working with Communication Networks that support that, integrating distribution systems, we have not operated, and it goes back to operating on a level of a three day delay, and getting ready to operate like that, also it gets us ready to be able to figure out what are the key aspects of how that operation needs to work to get ready for that will go to mars. It is really we assemble the space station, but it is we learned a lot from that. We are learning to assemble the gateway system, but this, doing an operational function between the lunar gateway and service elements, and doing the whole choreography, it will be amazing, and a challenge for our operations teams. Quick second row . Nicole. Canadian broadcasting. I guess, this is a question for you jim. You said that you wouldnt move artemis to off. However, lets say you didnt have a channel trans lunar injection, which you move it up as a second task . I think, we need to look at how we achieve all of the object is, and the heat shield is such a critical task for us. If we dont achieve the objectives, we need to take a look at what the flight will be because of having crew on there. I think will look at each of the objectives and each of the systems, and we will decide, if we achieved all of our check is, we have a good confidence to put crew on that. And we could still have our diligence for the next vehicle. I think the whatifs for us are probably hard to say, we turn into a different flight that we envision today. And right now, our belief is we are ready to fly on monday. We have tested this on the ground, and we can get the data back that we needed, and now our best environment is in orbit, and you can get it back to understand the data, and see what holds, and hope we, it holds a launch. Here in front . Were talking space. When it comes to gateway, what are the main objectives were hoping to get, and if there is any research, or anything you hope to accomplish, and can be accomplished it well its orbiting . Oh give you an answer, and maybe you can follow. The advantage is the position in the halo orbit. We can access almost all of the lunar surface, and we have constant communication with earth. It allows us to get anyplace we really would like to go, and we can always talk to it when it is without. We will still be running systems, and we will get a run time, and get some understanding there, but let me talk about the science of it. We have inside of a space station, and we are going on by astronauts to stop remote consulting from the ground, also the outside. We are going to launch a system, but it will actually have hardware that is already mounted to it, and it will be focused on radiation. Remember, the key challenge is a strip because of the duration. As intensity, especially with solar activity, and that is to manage radiation. We are going to do that to make measurements, but also develop software. There is a platform for the forecasting system, and that will be a technology that goes from the sun with all of our forecasting. It is really developing capability, and also an Agency Partner to do just that, so that will be on the outside, and we ink there will be other experiments that are competing with the Mission Director. Announcements with individuals on the outside of the gate where you can think about gamma rays measurements read it is pretty rare, and you wont have a baseline, so it matters away from the earth that inside, a variety of measurements, and frankly, they are not modeled by the small payloads, but it is really also there, looking at the different environments of space, and using that as a platform, and we are interested in learning how life evolves in space along all of these dimensions. Gravity is one of the area from one until zero, how do we own that access, and how does that work. It is frankly, very hard. Reproductive work, how do we use that access. The other accesses pressure, and there is radiation on the third access, so really, we are trying to connect on the space station with the gateway, and other platforms that we will hear about it for us, the excitement is big and we are taking advantage of them. We are really excited to work with them. They are there, and that helps us accelerate much of the science that we are thinking about. It also will take it vantage of the gateway when it is not inhabited. First row. I have two short ones. Clarification. You mentioned sustainability beyond the moon with nasa astronauts, and i assume that is on the space station, but is there a concept for crew flights with their own landing systems that are in use. Assets on the ground. Or even commercial partners with their own missions like we see on the space station, and you said it is a brandnew moon. On the apollo mission, we had resources utilization. What else can we do now. With the moon, to learn new secrets. Lets talk about that. What im going to do is quote this back because their whole bunch of scientists. Including me. What they are talking about, and there is talk about this, but also the models of solar system evolution that have some kind of open issue and things that are floating relative the timing of the solar system evolution. It is really important, and large planets migrate, and that is a great bombardment it be called that, in time, embedded on the far side of the moon. It is the right place to go. The other thing i want to talk about is the process of space lettering. It is not the same as space weather from the sun, it is a series of interactions that shapes services and lets them involve in different ways. That is more important now because we are looking at planets that are elsewhere. They have different kind of radiations and environments, and frankly, we believe the process can be investigated asked at the surface of the moon. Needless to say, back to you for your question. Scientists, with no lesson, that is what we are referring to. Our hope is that through the objectives, the senator and we have objectives that can lay out a plan where other people can use the same things we have used with capability, and we hope, in our capability. We can take advantage of countries or entities to further our mission, and make them more scientific, or more expansive. Wall street journal. Hello. You talked about making the architecture with a clear resilient. Could you elaborate what you meant by that . It is a simple explanation. Something that just doesnt go 180 every time. Administration change or something that is not solely driven by political consideration. We want stability in our Space Program, and we want somebody we can continue to make congress, and not just go back and forth. That is what i meant, but if you would like to elaborate . Youve seen that, and we talked about that did for example, the moon to mars program. It was accelerating with president obama, and there was a goal on mars. That is through every administration. Macro. Thank you for doing this. I want to ask for artemis two. Why is that . Why do you go more old why do you fall away with the First Mission to the moon and lunar orbit on this flight. You should be exercising i cbs and orion, and weak on end. Why not go with a bolder mission. Thank you. Launching humans to go run the moon is people read i would tell you that every time we look at these, we try to balance risks so the free return trajectory for artemis to is how we balance it. We come off, and on artemis two, we will have to fly around. It really understands the quality for operators and astronauts. From our perspective, it is risky. For people in a new vehicle and it is risky. Having an opportunity to get the propulsion system and failure, that is the free return trajectory. It is all about balance and risk. We added up, and we talk about the objectives, it will be about getting them back, and with changes, we believe that the risk of the mission, the safest is to do the return trajectory last month, we celebrated the 50th anniversary of apollo 16, and we thought the apollo eight mission was the boldest decision that nasa has ever done. Even everything since then. About what apollo eight was, and its the a plan for apollo seven. They crewed a vehicle in lowearth orbit and went around the moon. You thing about artemis two, and its apollo seven and date combined. We will not have a vehicle as jim said. That is why we are doing hires orbit to check out those Flight Control systems and check them out during the first 24 hours to see if they can do that. Then you look at artemis three, and it is apollo 10 and 11. Bold with the risk. Second road. Nicole, and we look at the how it will be built with arms three. Our artemis one is the Service Module and the keep sets. We are talking looking at the partnerships, so gateway is an International Partnership that is truly incredible. It is much like the iss. It has evolved to help with operations, and before this, it is shared with the ar ai interfaces. It really expands our capability when we dont have crews present. We also have europeans providing International Habitation modules that will be on there. Refueling modules that have participation throughout europe and they have the canadian arm. We are talking about other contributions with the International Partners. That is the hub, no pun intended. Of what we are doing. It comes through gateway. It builds off of the success on iss. It learns to Work Together and expand our partnerships. Do you have anything to add about how it is connected . I think, when we talk about the continuum of Space Exploration with our partners, we talk about how it started with the station, and go through gateway, and then get used to lunar services, and it continues to the journey to mars, and i feel like International Space station has been a great endeavor to start this alliance of Space Exploration for the world. It is really contributing to us continue to find ways to have multiple folks partner in a way that gets us a massive amount of capability for each nation involved red unfortunately, we are coming up on the end of the time. We have time for one more question. In the back. This question is for the administrator, and also were randy. Apollo was short compared to 30 years of shuttles and this, which is a moon to mars. Once you get there, i will point does this become a new era and to what degree does it go on, once you conquer mars, and what does it open up for you, and really for the azterodt core . What is the approach of the court to go on these missions that might be on the moon and their impact. It is much longer, so has anyone thought about that area those are my questions. Thank you. Let me start off. Yes. You can go there and come back, and they are three days away. You can have a return vehicle and show and come home. There is just a big stretch where we go from having Constant Contact with earth, and calm delay or time delay, but really Constant Contact, and it can send up logistics modules we need for supplies, but as was mentioned, we are looking beyond the hardware aspects, and it could be a big difference when people are on a martian vehicle, and they go beyond the point of every conversation of you recording something and getting something back. That will have a profound impact on the cruise, and that is why we do these analogs out in extreme areas on earth try and do more. We expand to challenge the way we do operations, and we are all of or it, and we have used the nemo underwater experience on aquarius and our missions, and we live down there for weeks at a time, and the one we were on, we had 20 minutes, so we practice these types of things, but when i think of my experience, for five months, i saw six human beings and listen to six human beings live. Six human beings. Myself included. It was so different, like i was back on earth, and when i saw people there it was tough to recognize the face with the name. There was just something you are not around, you are not promising a capability or technique every day. So, when i think about having however many people are on the crew, you interact and see them live it was tough to recognize and put a face with a name. And so, when i think about the crew, those are the only humans you interact with for years at a time. We better pick the right crew, get to know each other, and be confident and careful how they take care of each other, but allowed the assets on the vehicle and the assets on earth to prepare them for the mission. At the cork your question is what happens after mars. And, at the very highest level, our goal is to not just visit a place, but bring the solar system and beyond into our economic realm, right . That is not just something nasa does. Nasa is a leader and we think about it, but all the people in the room, all the people watching, all humanity thinks about this, right . In a way it is like saying what happened after the lewis and clark expedition. So much happened after that. It is the same analogy, but harder. We have even more resources, and we think about it at nasa on a daily basis. I know the Space Community thinks about it. We want to learn to live off the land of the long term, and those of the things we want to do after mars. Pretty incredible. We will take one more. Sorry, jim. Right in front. Thank you for taking my question, jim siegel. I wanted to go back to the comment that senator nelson mentioned at the outset about going to the mars and going to the moon. I find it easy to describe why we are at the International Space station, all the benefits we have gained as a society, not just as astronauts, but doing the same thing for wire we going to mars, for example, i heard that mars has a lot of helium three and that can solve the Energy Crisis and so on, but without being esoteric about this and saying it is because americans are leaders and follow that. What would you tell the average american sitting here right now . Where are we going to mars, why are we going to the moon . This is what i would tell them. First of all, we are explorers and adventurers as a species. Basically is the fulfillment of our destiny, but in that exploration, we will learn new things and develop new things that will improve our lives here on earth just as it has been under our Space Program. Last week, i was in kansas with the corn farmer, where we are giving him realtime information on the moisture content of the soil for this crop and that crop so that he knows what to plant. Those instruments obviously, for example, can pick up disease, and pick up disease in forests that become susceptible to fire. That certainly will help life here on earth, and those are things that have come out of the Space Program, things that we cannot even think of, but there is more. When we go to mars in the late 30s, just think how much more we will understand about our solar system in the universe as a result of things like many of those instruments out there, the least of which is the james webb space telescope. We may have by that time found an asteroid that we dont have to protect earth on, as we would try with dart in another month, but we may have found an asteroid that has valuable material on it, metals that we can harvest. By 2040, we may have detected life elsewhere in the universe, and think what that will do in our yearning for exploration, so i can answer specifically the question what happens after mars. I just know we will know a lot more between now and then, and our discoveries and our exploration will continue, and an apt analogy was given, when Thomas Jefferson said to lewis and clark, all the way to the pacific coast, look what happened as a result of that exploration, and we are the beneficiaries of that today. I have one more thing to add to that. Completely 100 adding to what senator nelson said, it is soft power, right . We are not going alone. We are going as a global alliance, and the soft power benefits of our Space Program are incalculable and priceless. They are so important as we move forward in a competitive environment in the world. Ok, thank you. I want to thank you all for your time and your great questions. I think we are all buzzing a bit with excitement,