To this sort of celebrity in the audience. This is a book about [applause] tom hanks was my collaborators. As been a lot of time at the Kitchen Table learning about his father and mother and their upbringing in sin louis. For those two reasons this is a very meaningful and special night for me. Thank you both collectively and individually. Abcaeight. Weirded. So friday, june 14th, 1946 was day 155 of the trial of the major war criminals who are commonly now referred to simply as the nuremberg trial, though no one in court room 600 n. Nurembergs power of palace of justice knew it, the trial is about halfway over. On day 155 franz von papen, hitlers former chancellor was on the witness stand. As he testified, the third reich radio propaganda chief, a sublieutenant of jussive kerrvilles wrote a letter which the former leader of the Hitler Youth Movement then translated into english. It was addressed to 3204 holiday avenue. Holding nazi leaders accountable for world war ii was an experiment. At the time there was no legal precedent for bringing criminal charges against the perpetrators of the war of aggression. As early as 1944 allied leaders thrashing of the best way to punish people is criminal activities or so are ran this that it did not technically exist. Nuremberg was an improvisation. Never before had the International Community held the states major leaders accused and convicted them of conspiring to commit crimes against demanding. The trial of the major war criminals was, and the words of one of the american prosecutors, a benchmark in International Law and the lodestar of debate on the great moral and legal question of war and peace. Existing within the larger nuremberg improvisation was another that has never been told and fall. It is a historical for what was called the trial of the century. It was an experiment and have good confronts radical evil. At its center was a farm kid from missouri. Those organizing the trials new to that if there were going to try some of the worlds most notorious criminals for war crimes they also had to follow the geneva convention. Article 16 of the conventions regulation regards the treatment of prisoners of war and states, prisonersofwar permitted complete freedom in the performance of their religious duties including attendance at the services of the faith. Ministers of religion or prisoners of war, whatever may be their denomination, shall be allowed freely to minister to their coreligionists. But norbert was not the average pow camp. The world was watching, and it was deputies answer for the holocaust. The allies did not trust my chaplain to do the job, so they brought in two of their own instead. Chaplain henry guericke of san louis and chaplain oconnor pskov of oxford, in new york. So for the first time in history u. S. Army chaplains would ministered to the enemy. And the enemy included some of the 20th centurys most man hermann goring, hitlers number two, commander of germanys air force and the force behind the third reich final solution. Albert speer, hitlers architect and theyre rights on the minister who took advantage of concentration camp labor in places like matt allison to mind granite used in germanys grand building plans. General will entitle, field marshal and second only to hitler in germanys military hierarchy even, the reichs labor minister in charge of what one historian has called the greatest slave roundup in history which included by the end of 1942 for a half million foreign workers. And hans frank, hitlers personal lawyer and eventually the governor general poland where he earned nicknames such as layer of the polls and the butcher of krakow. On that friday in june 1946 pop and testified in court room 600. There wrote a letter. When finished all 21 of them not to prisoners, including the keflex and those who had refused any Spiritual Council signed it. It read in part, your husband, pastor guericke has been taking religious care of the undersigned defendants during the nuremberg trial and has been doing so for more than half a year. We now have heard, that you wish to see him back, after his absence of several years. Because we also have wives and children, we understand this wish of yours very well. Our dear chaplain is necessary for us not only has the minister but also has a fairly good man that he is. Surely we need not describe him as such is on life. We simply have come to love him. In the fall of 2007i was writing a story for the newspaper right down the streets, the st. Louis postdispatch right cover the religious be. The store was about operation,a program that the Lutheran Church had recently begun to help chaplains who were returning from iraq in afghanistan more smoothly ran to their congregations banco, but they needed some help. It went to in korea seminary, the schools Historical Institute happens to have an exhibition on the history of the American Military chaplain at the time. Under one of those pieces of glass was a letter. I read that allowed. Just above the signatures of the perpetrators of genocide and thought, that could be a story. I found his eldest sun and sat at his Kitchen Table. The told his story of his father and mother. Six years later year we are. Hank and his younger brother were already in uniform in 1943 when theyre father raised his hand and said he would like to be your job when. The first part of his career was passed during a church in south san louis. Then during the depression he had been a measure with the same lutheran city mission traveling the broken city and ministering to those on the streets and hospitals and in city jail. Now he wanted to do his part for the war effort. He was 50 years old. The army has signed into the 98 General Hospital which in 1944 landed 60 miles west in the south of england. Dead and 98 set up to 1,000 plus bed transit hospital where doctors and nurses would literally just up the bleeding has wounded gis were drawn in from the front lines in europe before putting them on a train to larger muscles and london. When the war was over the 98 to germany to take over a bond out unit. In the fall of 1945 the commandant of the nuremberg prison heard about a lutheran chaplain in munich who could speak german and you had ministered to man in the st. Louis city jail system. He was given the assignment, also given the chance to turn it down. He prayed hard about the decision and ask himself, how could a preacher from st. Louis make any impression on the disciples of adolf hitler . During his months in unique he had taken several trips and seen the raw aftermath of the holocaust. He returned to his Commanding Officer it was not the only chaplain. The assistant chaplain was a franciscan friar from upstate new york. Fathers successor, had been a chaplain with the 11th on a division now has a thunderbolts during the war. They fought in the battle of the ballwill enter 1944 and 45. Oconnor and a bronze star and suffered from what the army then called battle fatigue. In may 1945 the 11th helped liberate the concentration camp outside have a sound town of when austria where nearly 100,000 people were tortured and murdered in 1939 and 1945. This was a photo of what were called the stairs of death. They led down the Granite Court on by and as as company. Albert speer contacted to supply granted for is great vision of nancy buildings and monuments, many in our bird. The 1,806th steps were badly cat and slippery. When prisoners reach the bottom of the steps they strapped massive granite slabs on their backs and were then sent up the stairway of death. When a man reached the top senior nfl after liberation an ss guard may have directed him to throws lapin the top of the sheer coral 12 stories high back down to the bottom of the pit and then demand to run down and bring the symbol of backup to the top. Throwing prisoners will stories to the death blow was also a cheap, effective murder method for the guard. The ss called the victims of such murder parachutes. Mad as and have 66,005 and the prisoners on may 4th 1945, the day before it was liberated by the 11th armored division. More than 450 die each day during the following week. Father oconnor buried 2,911 people between may to may may 301st. This is a photo. Controlled the gestapo, as b, security police, Security Service and the security police. He had authority first. And as Adolf Eichmanns superior he was responsible for the administrative apparatus spine the entire concentration an extermination camp system. Three months after helping to liberate men house and father oconnor was in nuremberg ministering. This is a promotional shot taken by the army in 1946. 169 square foot chapel in the nuremberg present made by knocking down the wall. The chaplains outfitted with chairs, an altar, some candles, and a small organ. It was in this chapel that kerki and oconnor believe they have been successful to bring as many of the imprisoned not his back to christianity as they could before escorting them to the gallows. It was in this chapel that they celebrate Christmas EveWorship Services with men had murdered millions. Both would return home immediately after the executions and continued a masters in the waste. Oconnor would turn to a teaching philosophy in upstate new york and guericke continue to try and reach people. Murderous and rapists, incarcerated in a maximumsecurity prison in chester, illinois. Few people believe themselves to be capable of extraordinary human evil perpetrated by the nazis trying to figure out how the heart to of holocaust occurred. Philosopher arnie boston has written that it helps as we take ourselves against the doers, not to perpetrators. The doers, we like to think, are not like us. Indeed, they are being none like us, the very quality which explains that they can do what they did, having committed atrocities so outrageous and nature as to explode our faculties of comprehension. They cannot those of the unthinkable must surely be your have been abnormal. To think this way is to turn away from what the holocaust means, to refuse to fully ethnologist scope and what it says about the human condition. It is rose olson del papa took the very conditions. It is attempting to understand human evil create a path toward justifying or excusing the behavior that creates you will . If the perpetrators of genocide can be seen as falling human beings do they deserve empathy or even forgiveness from those of us to choose to lead good lives . The ledges of argued that the existence of more illegal is the corollary of free well. The theology that all there is only one allpowerful god of stows humans with through well must got in some way be responsible for mass annihilation . The medieval christian philosopher and theologian said that either got cannot abolish evil or you will not. He cannot he is not allpowerful if you will not he is not of good. Theyve got to create civil picasso louses creation of free will, it god or man responsible for holocaust . If god is master of both absolute good an absolute evil he must also claim those of us who choose darkness. And what about forgiveness . It the logical point on which christians and jews differ. Christian tradition as consistently said that forgiveness recede precedes forgiveness. Christians believe that has already accepted and forgiveness. Broadly forgiveness and judy is and has two working parents. Extreme opposite ends of the getty the spectrum. Assistant from the evil act and in doing good. Jews who survived the holocaust and later generations of jews have no moral standing. What right does anyone other than those who died in holocaust have to forgive anyone . Only the murder, and that cant happen. So the christian concept of forgiveness must be strained by the idea of genocide. Good christians really believe that there go was crucified to give those . The parachute jump. Because the majority of the augusta victims or jewish it would seem right that the allies should honor their jewish sensibilities about forgiveness. But christians would argue that they have to act in ways that honor their deepest understanding of humanity and its relationship with god. The chaplains believe there duties toward the nazis revolving around how to return them to get. Would not have seen the monsters as children of darkness. The nature of their faith in god , they saw these men as part of a single human community. Once they recognize the man has just man best during them this by doris became a matter of attempting a transformation. The transformations, return mass murderers from darkness to the good of their own light. Serve the last meal and then walked. The executions would begin just after midnight. Order the chaplain not to tell the men are anyone else of the execution plan. They should not know until they were woken up that night that they should proceed normally. In the afternoon as the chaplains visited as whether there would like to accept their cents and receive communion. Theyre eyes through large as they realized why you is asking. What did he know, they demand it . Would it happen at dawn tomorrow . Of carr told them he had not carry any thing. Hes set with each of the six condemned men and delivered a copy of a devotion he had written. He asked them each to join him in a prayer he had written. Only rosenberg refused. No, please to not, he said. Demanded to know what was going on with the execution time table he was also refusing to leave his cell, and he was adamantly against exercising and showering he took all of the family photos that were decorated is lindsay table and put them in a novel of in the early afternoon and requested a visit. What time by the execution scheduled for . He did not answer. Marshall is a likable man command he wished he could have been honest with them. Even the chaplain who had not known and called him a goodnatured charm or with a good sense of humor. Had been surprised that guard knew quite a bit about the bible of all the doomed man he impressed as the most. You felt that with his brain he could have accomplished a lot. He had been fascinated and often discussed in the game during his routine visits. He wanted to know about the dodgers and now baseball worked as a business. Is there money in it . Of carr told him that the dodgers general manager made 90,000 a year. Maybe i should have gone into that business. It was mid october. An ocean away the san those cardinals were battling the boston red sox. He was from upstate new york oconnor had taken boston and at 10 bet. In between visiting printers and aerosols the chaplains heard to the cars boot on the present floor. With the palace of justice lock down for the execution the only way there were receiving updates was there a phone call from an american officer outside the prison wall. Around 7 30 p. M. He returned to the cell and a final attempt to get into except first. He had been a regular at the prison chaplain but had resisted the efforts to bring in more seriously into the folds of the church. He had written a special devotional for him. He told the chaplain to leave it on a stable and he would read it later. What he really wanted to discuss was the execution. He tried again to steer the conversation toward hell on and prepared gasol for death. He asked to join in prayer. No. He would want to preface. He thought he seemed more depressed than earlier which was not surprising. The ast town the other men were doing, in particular concerned about several who he could hear crying and moaning with your. Asking if he might appeal to help them get through this. Then he started in again on the method of execution. Hanging. The most dishonorable way to die given his former position with the german people. There was no response. He had heard the same complaint dozens of time. Silence fell between the. Some want desperately now before be prepared to die, meat is got. Surrender your heart and soul completely. But he was in no mood to listen. For the last time he told the chaplain that he was a member of the christian church, he could not accept the teachings of the christian faith. He began to make fun of the creation story and the Old Testament are ridiculed the idea that the bible was written by scribes, divinely inspired by god. He refused the fundamental Christian Doctrine of the town, that jesus, through his suffering and resurrection dive for the forgiveness of man sense and to reconcile out with his creation. He pled, this was what jesus said. This is not what he was saying. This was got speaking. What you accept this . Just say jesus saves me. No, he barked. I cannot do that. This jesus you always speak of, to me he is just another is what you. This jesus as my savior who suffered, blood, and i that i might go to heaven someday, a page from my sense. Hi, you dont believe that yourself. When one is dead that is end of everything. And a softer tone he continued, pastor, i believe in god. I believe he watches over the affairs of men, but on the big ones. He is too great to bother about little matters. He fell silent for a moment and then looked. Pastor, he finally said to mounty celebrate the lord suffering . Astonished. You plan in the church. You must be familiar with the sacrament. The lords supper, the christian sacrament of Holy Communion was particularly meaningful. As a lutheran chaplain believe that when christ offered bread to the apostles telling them it was his body it actually became his body. Bread and wine were consecrated in the Lutheran Church, those in the pews have been taught to believe that the body of christ was truly presents. In Holy Communion some christians believe god is mitigating their suffering through the sacrifice of price on. Theyre sense disappear each time theyre receive communion and they grow a little closer to god. These convictions stem from christianity central belief in a town in to. Reminded him of the churchs doctrine emphasizing that only the true repents should protect. He had administered communion because they have requested it and had suffered through a great deal of self examination. This is the way it is. Only those who believe that jesus is really their savior, i believe in him should be permitted to attend the lords supper. The others are unfit. I have never been refused the lords supper by high german pastor ever. Afraid of this moment, it committed member of his congregation was asking for the most central sacrament of the church. Yet he had just despaired and new he was not browbeaten, a believer in god but not christ. As a rationalist you wanted to go through the motions believing of the masters of the church of retaining some insurance in case christianity really represent the true. I cannot with a clear conscience communion because you did not a very carson and to meet implemented the sacrament. You may be on the churchs role but not have faith in christ and have not accepted masters said in, therefore you are not a christian. And as a christian pastor i cannot continue. Its not that at the moment he would request a german pastor but he said nothing more. Defeated in left. He read in bed for 30 minutes before getting up and walk into the toilet and the corner of the cell out of view of his guards. He returned to his bed, took off his boots, and put on his slippers. He was agitated and restless. He picked up his book, watch the table, put up his reading glasses and put them down. A move to his suspenders and some writing utensils placing them on a nearby chair. At 9158 changed into his so pajamas and got into bed covering his chest with a sense. His left and get moving between his body and the cell wall when he massages for it with this right hand. As usual, the prison lights were turned down and 930. The cell lights dimmed and the overhead corridor lights were turned down. At 10 40 p. M. He turned his head to the wall and layette way for a few months. And he placed his hands at his sides and prices jarred wrecking a glass vial of potassium cyanide yet place in the Steve Mullins to for his guard saw him grow stiff. It began grabbing minister. The guard nearby gathered for the latest world series update. Dimaggio had doubled driving in two runs to tie st. Louis. Saw johnson signaling the something was wrong. Having some kind of spell said. Johnson began unbolting the door when the smell of bitter almonds wafted from the style. To arriving within seconds the chaplain pushed past and move toward the caught. Trough coming from his mouth he was burgling in the death. His heart was still beating but his eyes and rolled back into his head and the gurgling sound continued. His right arm dangling over the side of the caught. He picked up his hand and felt for a pulse. Get the doctor. This man is dying. Turning green and gasping. Toes were beginning to curl. Lansdowne, the blood of jesus christ plans as those from all sense. The prison doctor arrived and he stepped back. The polls was fading. The doctor pulled back the blanket to check is hard and found two white, loves his left hand. He handed them tying the chaplain to remember that he had done so. Lichtenstein and found the cartridge case and a folded piece of paper. By 11 00 the better allman smell was stronger and is in and turned from green to great. When i was partly open and dilated. His mouth slightly open, and the doctor could see glass shards. He turned to the cheap prison officer. He is dead. Handed him the white envelope which was later classified topsecret. One was addressed to the chaplain. Thank you. [applause] so im happy to take some questions of people have them, but before i do that i do want to have a celebrity in the audience fifth talk, if you would like to. Thank you. Im getting old. Youve got it right here. Oh, my god. Look at this crowd. It. Us live with you. I want to say a word to the reporters did as a former chief of police i have been a subject of several of your articles. [laughter] not all favorable, i might add, but that is part of the job. But there was a young man in north america was a reporter. One of the reports made was that my dad and how does he died. At distressed my father. He complained to the reporter who had been friendly with. The reporter said, ill take care of it, and he did. His report as he died. My father was criticized because he did not. Billy not he was criticized by several lutheran ministers. Oh, they said, you should have given and communion. He was going to die. Well, they were talking to the wrong guy. My father had principles. One of the principles was you believe in god, except gods word, no ifs, ands, buts about it. It was a manipulator of the first order the exercise of, he said, you know, on the senior officer. Youre going to have people come to the chapel. On given orders to them but they have to attend chapel. Is it now you want. If they want to come to chappell though,. It was an all black and white with my dad. He had a sense of humor. One of the prisoners was concerned about his wife. Two boys to girls. Andy asked qaddafi could check. So he found out where she was living and called on her car rang the doorbell. He told me, excuse me, ive got the wrong house. The captain says, who were you looking for. He said no, uh,. He went back to the present. Hows my wife doing . Shes doing fine in london said. He had a heart. He had a heart as big as the house, believe me. Now, he went to the airport several times to pick up one of the german officers lives. He was being held by the russians. There was of the book published by a teacher, principal allies cool. The evidence is there, but not positive. An american captain that became prince gave him the poison. He had access. He came prepared to take poison, no two ways about it. But, again, how do you deal is Something Like this . , was in oslo in frankfurt, kind of be done, had been an accident. And i got put right through. I would like to talk to my father. He put me right on through. I said, remember this farewell, my purse go out to you. And i you have a tough ride ahead of you. Take care, and im saying a prayer for you. To this day i find it strange that i said the. He thanked me. She has heard me tell the story he called me a week before he went to an armored and said, ive got a couple of days off. Can you give away . I said, as a matter of fact to my cant stop. A very important mission. I was a spy officer. Now, you go ahead and laugh, but the importance. I was entrusted with this mammoth task. Well, i got there. I went to lunch with that contract is with them and had dinner with them. After dinner i escorted him back to his hotel and one out. And i was there a couple of days we just finished going through the room. I said to that, after arrest. I just have to sit down and rest their recess, come on. We have limited time and we have to see these things. I said, but im tired. Come on. Lets go, son. All right. Forward to 1959 and 1960 in chester eleanor. Sitting on the back porch reminiscing about our time in london, paris, so forth. Quiet activity for a lutheran preacher and his son, believe me, talking about visiting the citys. And i said to dad, did you ever wonder why i was so tired . And he says, yes, knew what your doing. I figured a file the long and hard enough you would stop the nonsense. He did not succeed, by the way. I adored my father. My father did not have a lot to do it in our window the door and out of. When i was leaving the army asked me how much money you got. I said a quarter. He reached his wallet and pulled out of full the 5 bill, 1939. Money is tight. He said, year, take this. I cant take that. This is his runaway money if you want to put the white. He said, no, i want you to have it. This is my father. He would give you the shirt off his back. He had sympathy for the downtrodden and poor, and he was not a pushover. He got along successfully. When he died the word and call me and said, can we have your dads body brought back to the present . The prisoners would like to read knowledge. I talked to our mother and she agreed. So they came and picked up his body. 2400 prisoners passed by, catholics, jews, he is, whenever he was a person who could see something in the most of us cant. , the one he served of nuremberg , he was there to save their souls regardless. I adored him. Thank you. [applause] if you have not bought a book, buy it. A lot of reporting assignments, you would not comment on. You can see why this one was. Thank you. And i should say, there are more derek easier. Thank you to everyone for coming. Amazing. So if anybody has questions, i am happy to answer them. We can sign some books. Thank you. Yeah. I have read it, and i could not and you did an amazing job. You really, really did. My favorite kind of question. [applause] have a cousin in germany. Eightyfive she every year in school they teach the holocaust. That, as they say, will never happen again. Why . Why dont we teach the holocaust . Those kids today dont know anything about the holocaust. I dont know. Im not sure that is true. I spent some time. Happens to be there once. Spring, fall, i can remember when it is. Busloads and busloads and busloads just coming through. I was there once and you could barely get in because it had so Many High School and younger kids coming through. A set of their museum there very specifically to be interactive so that kids, you know, get involved in a. I dont know really to enough about the Education System to know what Public Schools are or are not teaching. I would say that especially a lot of the jewish communities and holocaust museums around the country to a pretty great job of getting kids who are not being taught specifically about holocaust during world war ii but get them to come to these museums to experience them for themselves. To questions. First of all, did you find any evidence that the colonel and his ever attested to the clergy relationship in order to get some advantage or control . The question was whether anything has been written extensively about father oconnor, whether the commander, commandants did anything to sort of scuttle some of the work that was being done. Nothing has been written about farrakhan and mostly because he almost never talked about his entire war experience whether nuremberg or the 11th armored when he got home. There is very little. I talked to one or two people who had talked to him even about it. Anders was never tried to get in the way of the chaplain or do anything to try and get them to, you know, tell what they had learned in confession. He had an interesting episode when he was in hospital during the war. He was there was some german pows in england at the time. In the Intelligence Services tried to get him to go into the their pastor in order to get their permission from the pows, and he refused to do it. So i dont know if it happened. I dont think that happened. A very committed christian. There was a church outside of the nuremberg that he pastured also, mostly for gis are other members of the community. And he attended the church as a regular sunday event. Sort of am aligned character, often portrayed. The reality is he is supporting big money to pay for the school fees. And he could not bring himself. Emotionally taking care of these people for year. So the commandant has been portrayed your history as a peacock. He was very he wore shellacked comment and had strict rules. A lot of the literature that has been written about barbara, there is lot of it, used them almost as a comic. This gentleman is saying that in fact anders was a good guy. This part in the book that he refused to get to the execution. No matter how much, you know, i know about these men i cannot spend a year with them. Yes. There was a lot of testimony at the trials. Would you describe the terrible conduct of the people on trial . Did a prisoner ever express any reaction . Not that i know of. The question was whether the prisoners ever expressed what was happening during the trials themselves to the chaplains. The testimony that they were giving that was coming out of what their thoughts were about. From all the reading that i did most of that comes from books written by a psychologist, psychiatrist who was an american, douglas kelly. Gilbert. Thank you. Your dancer makes. Gilbert was one of a cut psychiatrists. I dont know it nothing that i know of has come from the chaplains themselves. Most of the comments about testimony about each others testimony comes from gilbert. They have not had a chance to read your books. And dont have a sense of the background. The account did you give us of the interaction between gary, an extremely detailed. Were these from reminiscence . How did you construct them . Yes. The question was how i reconstructed that particular scene that i read and another one like it. There are very little but pieces that were written. He wrote a piece for the saturday evening post that had two or three rough drafts essentially that were written before and and for publication in a littler an army chaplain. And there is also an audio of a similar description of the experience. I think it is our Alliance Meeting or lutheran meeting, someone in his church found an ideal of him giving this kind of speech which he did a lot of. He did a lot of touring around the midwest saw in telling his story. This one was found in a chair somewhere. They had it cleaned up and its on their website, so you can actually hear him talk about these things. He gave a series of speeches. And sure there were recorded. How well none of the chaplains activities . Any negative criticisms . Thats a very good question. One of the sort of heartbreaks of his post war live when he wrote this piece in the saturday evening post, he wrote candidly in the hell he met these men for the first time and shirk rudolph hesters hand. His prioresses very emotional moment. The person who was escorting them was called away. He had never been never for. Hes about to meet these people. He writes about that. When that came out in the saturday evening post received a lot of hate mail. A lot of people calling him an antisemite. People were so repulsed at that point and took the road. Found the secret compartments in the back of his desk. But he was, during his career, a chaplain to everyone which was very important. He would try to find your rabbi. A couple, both in england and germany. He went out of his way to try to find a synagogue during the holidays so that the jewish doctors and nurses and or in could worship. Whenever you were you want to do to believe that strongly. The granddaughter tells a story in the book about a jewish nurse who had her father in new york maker rain was something he said frequently, this too shall pass. She gave this to the chaplain as a thank you for going of his way. Doing his job. I just want to mention, while was a child. If you didnt do that, this june and was baptized by the pastor. The church she started. The details of the death and execution were there any differences . Thank you. The question was whether there were other sources there was an actual investigation. A lot of the times and things the book that hank mentioned, the person in taxes it did an amazing amount of reconstruction to try to figure out. But that book is incredible. The actual investigation, in the chapel itself. O load it in their and was from the one hand to him. It is served of the stitching together. There was something that did not match of. It with the investigation back intoish. One is about the letter you mentioned was in their parts. Did he have any contact with brew off us . Well was in a classified letter had any contact with this crazy. For while he was said this number to. You wrote mine, where hitler when there were in prison together in the very early days. The letters eventually two of them, theyre actually ended up being four letters. One was to anders. It was sort of britain to deflect blame from the guards and gave him syenite. One was written to his wife, addressed to the chaplain. One was just to guarantee for two of the four. Astoria had to do it this way, but theres no way. I dont know what the four plans there were four total. One of the american prosecutors murder book, one of the bibles of nuremberg. I went to Columbia University to give them a. One more question. I was wondering suddenly why was he so well received by these people . The question was whether his german nonprofit german and why he was so well received. He looks the part he was middleaged. And he had a little tighter around his debt and aside from the pastoral manner they responded to him they had a lot in common. Saul stages had more in common with him where he could express that. Then is what brought that around. Think you for coming. [applause] [inaudible conversations] [applause] they q very led to. For this wonderful of opportunity and your interest in my new book American Spartan i am grateful for support a family and friends here