Credit card if she divorced or her husband died. The fair housing act. A landlord could say i do not rent to waiting period that became two women. That became illegal. Sexism inliminated education. The 1954 democratic and Republican National conventions. Lyndon johnson accepting the republican the democratic nomination and Barry Goldwater accepting the republican nomination. I would remind you that extra is in and the defense of liberty is no vice. Also thatind you moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. Years, the last four world has begun to respond to a simple, american belief. The believe that strength and courage and responsibility are peace. S to for our complete American History tv schedule, head to www. Cspan. Org. Our Charter Communication partners worked with us when we travel to cleveland to export history. The city was founded by a general Moses Cleveland in 1976 aarn more about cleveland week here on American History tv. Today we are at a Research Room in the cleveland history center. We are looking at some of the artifacts that we will be using in an upcoming exhibit called power and politics. Ohio is a swing state. It is said that wherever ohio goes, so goes the nation. It is changed a little over the years. Basically, ohio has a Large Population, not quite as dominating as 100 years ago, but it was a Large Population. It was really a microcosm of the nation. You had a Large Population of ethnic minorities. You had industry, farming, agriculture. You had a little bit of all the nation in ohio. The exhibit will have several major components. There will be one dollar he that is dedicated to cleveland gallery that will be dedicated to cleveland. Called have a gallery political fashion statements. We will also have a gallery of ohio president s. Ohio has produced eight president s. We will have artifacts for each one. When William Mckinley ran for president , it was organized in cleveland. We have a photo of the organizer right here. Basically, it changed the way that president ial campaigns were run. To major changes were, prior 6, president ial candidates the process of unifying the nation behind a president ial candidate did not happen too long at the national convention. At the convention itself, you ,ad a lot of backdoor deals trying to coalesce the party behind one person. It would happen very quickly, very close to the convention. Ahead of theas, convention, he had people out on a national and state level organizing for mckinley. By the time the convention came about, there was really not much to do except have the entire Republican Party agree to go with mckinley. The other thing that truly changed the game was finance. 1896, the way a president ial candidate got money for his campaign was that he went to sitting politicians and asked them to kick money out of their paychecks. It worked for 120 years, but it was maybe not the best way to do it. The way that mark hanna did it was that he went to businessman and wealthy men all across the country. He raised 3. 5 million. That was in 1896. The father back in history you go, the harder it is to calculate what it is worth today. 200ighend is about million, who knows exactly. The important thing to know is raiseds opponent 600,000. So mckinley had about six times the money of his opponent. So they would burn it on things to reach as large of a constituency as possible. They printed campaign of severals in its different languages, polish, spanish, you name it. The other thing they did, and what is great for our collection an explosion of political collectibles. We have something about a thousand or so buttons for elections going back to washington. Just to compare the two, this is the election just previous to mckinley. Benjamin harrison was running for reelection. He did not win. You can see how sparse this frame is. Mark when you look at when hanna and William Mckinley had millions of dollars to spend, you can see an explosion of pins, buttons, and badges. Some of them are rather elaborate. On this one, the wings fold into the body, and when you press the body, the wings would pop out. It is very elaborate. It was a way of getting your message out to as large of a group as possible. This really set the standard. You really have an explosion of what you can collect. In 1892, you see ribbons. Ribbons and badges and metals like this. This is really more of what you see prior to 1896. From 1896 on, that is when you really start to see buttons. I like ike is the one that everybody knows. From then on, buttons became the most produced piece of campaign items. Now, this stuff is being produced for collectors. That is really the whole reason it exists. They make it because it is expected to be made. And up ton 1896 recent times, this was how you got your message across. This was twitter back then. Whatever tiny message you could fit on this tiny piece of tin, that is how you got your message out to people. One of the big things happening with us this year is that we are going to host the Republican National convention for the third time. The first time a cleveland hosted the convention was in 1924. It came down to two cities, cleveland and san francisco. Was ultimately decided it calvin coolidge, who was president at the time. I should point out, he was Warren HardingsVice President. Warren harding died in office. He is the last president from ohio, today. Ohio,d in office from to date. And calvinoffice, coolidge stepped up and said that in memory of Warren Harding , we should have the convention in cleveland. It also did not hurt that cleveland had just finished building a Public Auditorium that could hold 11,000 some people. This is a photo from the 1924 convention in the auditorium downtown. These are some of the tickets from the convention. You can see Warren Harding is featured on all of them. A couple of interesting things about the 1924 convention, it was the first to be broadcast on the radio. It was the First Convention in which women could participate as equal representatives. 1920just gotten to vote in , so this was New Territory for them. The convention itself was, honestly, rather boring. Reef very kind of brief and boring convention, as far as conventions go. The next time cleveland got to post a convention was 1936. This is the original application on the city of cleveland to the Republican National convention to have the convention in cleveland. Ive not seen the application for this years convention. I have been told it would fill this room easily. In 1936, this is all it took. I want to open it up for you here. It is describing the weather in cleveland. Lets see here. Monthsople in the summer , because it is summer resort weather in cleveland again, it only took about 30 minutes 30 pages to convince the Republican Convention to come back to cleveland. The same people that organized the convention in 1924 were Still Available to do it in 1936. It was a very smooth transition. It also did not hurt that the men that drafted this, the chairman of the committee, was very high up. He was in cleveland. That she was from cleveland. He was wrong cleveland. Theas very high up in Republican Party, so we had a lot of push to get the convention back in cleveland. This is one of the great things we have in the collection. These are some of the tickets in the 19 from the 1936 convention. It features William Mckinley on the ticket. This is a recent donation to the museum. Of, unofficially, the longest member to come to the convention. His father was one of the delegates for the convention. He arranged for a badge and a sunflower for his nominee. This button. Earing the nominee was the governor of kansas. The sunflower is their state flower. He was running against roosevelt, franklin roosevelt. Stay say with certainty if it was the biggest blowout, but it was right up there. In 1936, there were 531 possible electoral votes and the republican candidate got eight. The only two states he cared were maine and vermont. Not only did he not when is own home state of kansas, he also found that he was voted out of office as the governor of kansas in the same day. One of the other galleries we are going to have is investigating ohios president ial past. Reduced eighthas president s. We will have out artifacts from all eight president s from ohio. I have basically pulled out artifacts from three of the eight to give you a taste of what we will have. We will start with the first. This is Campaign Material from William Henry harrison. He was actually not from ohio. When he was born, there was no ohio. He was born in 1773 in virginia. He was elected in ohio. But we have here is called a campaign banner, but it is actually in oil painting. You can see him here in his rals uniform gene campaigning on the frontier. This is one of our treasures. It dates back to 1840. Way to get the idea across that he was a man of the people. He would literally ride across the country in uniform on horseback to campaign for president. ,his never actually happened but it is a way to get the message across. Me,iam henry harrison, to is one of the most interesting president s we have had. He is the only president we have had that went to medical school and did not finish. Until ronald reagan, he was the oldest president we ever had. He was 68 when he was elected. Reagan was 69. If you ask anyone on the street to think back to their school days, three things will come up about William Henry harrison. , hard cider, and the log cabin. To out of three of those things had nothing to do with William Henry harrison. Hard cider in the log cabin were actually a product of his political opponent who was running for reelection. It was an attack ad. It said that William Henry harrison was so old, we do not want him for president. He should be sitting in a log cabin ranking hard cider. Harrisons campaign took it and ran with it. It became symbols of his campaign and presidency. The log cabin was a way to associate him with the common man. He was the son of the governor of virginia. He had never set foot in a log cabin. He was rather welloff and very well educated. Hard cider was used as a tool whenever he went to a rally. They would serve hard cider. They would get you drunk, and that is a good way to get people on your side. One of the gimmicks they would use to get people to attend his rallies was that they made large, 10 balls. Tin balls. Large, they had his phrases on them, and they would roll them through town. A bit later, 48 years later, his grandson would run for president and be elected. What i love about the two harrisons from ohio is that William Henry harrison was not from ohio, and Benjamin Harrison did not actually live in ohio. He was the governor of indiana when he was elected. He was born in ohio. For Benjamin Harrison, the recycled as much as they possibly could. We have here is a campaign of flag for engine and harrison Benjamin Harrison. We also have songbooks that were for Benjamin Harrison but say we men rehearsing songbook, updated for Benjamin Harrison. The truly great thing that came out of his presidency was the sherman antitrust act, which is still used today to break up monopolies. That is about it. He is usually considered on the low end of the president ial scale. He did not accomplish a great deal. Artifacts frome a great what if president ial story. These are artifacts from James Garfield, who was shot 100 days after taking office. Manmore i learn about the it is just truly incredible. Think ofenry harrison him incorrectly as being born in a log cabin. James garfield actually was. Was born in total, abject poverty. He did not have a pair of shoes until he was four. He did not start his formal education until he was a teenager. He had to go to work immediately to raise money for his family. He managed to scrape together 17 to go to college. By the time of his sophomore year, he was doing so well that not only was he a student but he was also a professor. He was teaching courses while finishing college. He soon became resident, and he president of the college, and he taught mathematics and ancient languages. He went off to fight in the civil war and became one of the largest major generals in American History. He had such unbelievable potential. He was elected, and that he was shot 100 days into office. Verytory there is interesting. It is not very well known. To understand why he was assassinated, you have to first understand that his assassin was truly mentally disturbed. He was completely unbalanced. Reason it came a bounce it came about was because the Republican Party was split. The idea of the spoils system is that if i do something help you get elected, if i print pamphlets, if i do anything if you get elected, then i deserve a job. You are going to give me some kind of federal Civil Service job. Garfield is opposed to that. Hal in a group called the fbreeds. I do not know with that term comes from. They believe that if you are going to work for a Civil Service job, then you should know how to do that job. You should be able to demonstrate that you have the skills and knowledge to do the job. It should not just simply be awarded to cronies. When i got the republican Republican Party to unite and nominate garfield was that they said, we will nominate our field for president as a Civil Service reform and his Vice President candidate will be charles a arthur, the poster boy of the spoils system. Getad the top job you can as part of the spoils system. The two of them together ran for office. Assassin, who campaigned for garfield. He printed a pamphlet and gave two speeches. In his mind, that was enough for him to get a job. He thought he deserved to be the u. S. Mr. To austria minister to austria to vienna. When he was told he would not get the job, he would say that paris was fine instead. For weeks, he would tell garfield that he wanted a job. Garfield told him that you need to stop doing this, because you would never get a job. It to divineuted intervention, but he said that then arthurrfield will become president. He will be so happy to have gotten a raise, that he will give me a job. He went to a store and bought 44 caliber a revolver. This is not the one he had, but it looked similar. He found James Garfield at a train station in 1980 in 1881, and he shot him twice. Backullet when across his and lost in his left side. It missed his spine and did not hit any of his idol organs. Lingered and suffered for two months before he died. His assassin was arrested right away. Was collected by the smithsonian, but it has since been lost. No one knows where it is now. This is what it would have looked like. Garfield, the other thing that people know about him today is that, a sickly it was poor medical care that killed him. In fact, if they had just sewed up the wound, he would have made a full recovery. A probe his wound with dirty fingers and nonsterlite equipment, and he got an infection and he died. Trial,s assassin went to he said that the doctors killed him but all he did was shooting. Again, the man was insane. The day he was executed, he danced up the steps to the gallows. He recited in epic home about himself which he had written. He was then hung. Noose. A piece of the one of the interesting pieces from the collection is garfields Campaign Desk from when he was in the civil war. He used it when he was running for president. One of the things he was amos famous for was that he brought people to him. People would come to his house to hear him speak. His wife hated it, but she tolerated it for his sake. This is the desk he used as a general in the civil war, and also what he was campaigning for president. These are two examples from our costume collection. We have about 13,000 garments, hats, and accessories, and so on. These are two garments that relate to garfield. This is a campaign dress. We do not know a tremendous amount about it. We do not know who owned it or wore it. It is basically a dress to campaign for garfield. He is right here in the center. Arthur is right here. Down here. Garfield, again, he conducted the front porch campaign. This is something someone probably wore and they came to garfields house to hear him speak. Unfortunately, we just do not know too much about this piece. This one, on the other hand, we know a pretty good amount about. It was worn by garfields wife. You can see, she was not a large woman, by any means. What is interesting to me about this piece is that this is basically late 19th century houseware. This is what you wore around the house. It has about an 18 inch train a hide it. Again, you were not going out in public with this. You were just going to spend a lazy day at home with this. I hope people walk away with an appreciation for the fact that ohio was important in the past lyrically. , and hopefully will continue to be so in the future. Recentlyties for staff traveled to clearly and cleveland to learn more about its history. You can learn more about our stops on www. Cspan. Org citiestour. You are watching American History tv on cspan3. I had a rough upbringing. Got involved in the streets my friends were selling trucks, so it was the thing to do. We started selling marijuana, cocaine, crack cocaine. I was in the streets from the age of 13 to 18 years old. Five years. Q a, our night for guest will discuss his book once a cop. He will talk about his former life as a drug dealer and a police officer. It is a small percentage. An overwhelming majority of cops come in and do their job. You do not hear about them. You hear about the eric garner cases, the bad cops. The bad policeman. Once Law Enforcement started weeding them out, because every time you would see these cases, you would look at their background and you would see that they we dont find out about it until they kill somebody. Tonight at 8 00 eastern on cspans q a. American history tv, Oxford University north american studies professor albert jones discusses mexicos antisubversion laws which are in effect between 1941 and 1970. He argues that vague laws with harsh penalties such as article 145 or used arbitrarily against student protesters, striking workers, and artistry of the Woodrow Wilson center is the host of this 90 minute event. Good