D w media center ah ah. Busy ringback in a lot of ways you can think of cities as. Busy one of the largest unplanned experiments of all time. Mm that these are places we call them extreme heavy. Thats really there are places where there is a lot of opportunity. And at the same time, theres also challenges. As all cities spread, how well nature respond . Will plants and animals dwindle, or will they adapt to up in life . And what kind of new interactions will we see in the city . In the historic french town of, ill be biologist frederick song to keep an eye on his catfish. In 1983 fishermen released these Eastern European fish into the river time to day there at the top of the rivers food chain where you seduced this machine on the bus. This is the fascinating species because we know so little about them. There are many myths that people believe even that they eat dogs. There are many stories like this yank, or you could just walk. The biologist is interested in the behavior of the large fish that circled the reservoir basins on 5th, on a, to kentucky. But we work with fishermen to tag the fish and follow. Yeah, they contacted us after observing very strange behavior in the fish here salvage conflict along it. Cause you see ill be the man my landscape at the city fosters new encounters between species. Busy lip, your ease, latigion have never had to face predators from the water level gallant 8th. Instead they scanned the sky for birds of prey. Didnt you see the pigeons approached the water to bathe and drink sometimes about misses the narrow strip of safe ground and touches down in open water of atlas. Youre the catfish dont really see the pigeons unfit. But once they sense the Birds Movement in the water with their barble silly fuel, then they strike. I should all ah, scientists observe the cant fishes new hunting tactic for the 1st time in 2010. Here in abbey, pigeons are no longer safe on the water. The city is bringing together new predators and pray ah, for some catfish here, pigeons now account for up to 40 per cent of their prey. Theyre suddenly this ecological interaction, which allows for evolution to start to improve the bird catching ability of the catch fish and also to improve the escape ability of the pension. So you can expect that all these new interactions are also causing new evolutionary dynamics. Dont, evolutionary biologist, minnow, shell 1000 researches the adaptation of wildlife to the city. Darwins theory he believes, has gone up and ah, ebony pollution is evolutionary change. So really genetic change in wild animals and plants in cities. Its all about understanding how species will be able to survive in this very human dominated context cities, a homo sapiens, most extreme intervention in nature with concrete and steel. We create new landscapes and alter the face of the of. Ready already, most people live in cities rather than in the countryside. How does this influence evolution, the development of new species . What selection pressures does the city create . A summer evening in the dodge capital amsterdam in the fall, dell park in the center of the city biologist, men oh, shoot. Hows him . Uses a light trap to catch insects. Oh, hes leading a Citizen Science project to explore urban nature. Ah, for insects and for some smaller plans, the diversity today in cities seems to be higher than in intensively managed agricultural areas. Today. Agricultural land is so intensively managed and every last bit of production is squeezed out of every square meter of surface area. Theres no space for nature anymore in the countryside, and at the same time, cities get more, they get greener, people pay more attention to nature and to and to urban nature. So its actually becoming very rich environment with, with a higher by diversity than outside of the c o n. We are rapidly losing bio diversity. Both within and outside out it is for insect, the declines are particularly severe. Ah, in this way sounds to me as eric scientists to fully an ultimate has set up his light trusted, ever since humans began to light up the night. Millions of nocturnal insects have been dying off every year. And its all for a species like this, being attracted by light is problematic because then its confused. The few short days it has is a month to lags. Come Light Pollution is one of the major trends demands. Scientists are even going, is found to describe it as an insect apocalypse. Thank you. Yes, i think for the clients we are seeing now are already quite worried. Studies show a 60 to 80 percent decline and biomass. How do i sometimes even in nature reserves that these are incredibly large numbers. Its all in my childhood. They used to observe much like these from the colman. I would set up this trap next to my parents house and attract months actually quite large numbers. But today i would probably not find many of them help. Often i stopped to his solemn thought with the choice of movies, miss mcgee living but might in fact be capable of adapting to life in the perpetual night of our fit is flowing. An alternate wanted to find out his test, subject the spindle and the most whose caterpillars develop on the european spindle tree. Not of what i actually was a coincidence. While i was working on my ph. D thesis. Every day i walked through a park that had these european spindle bushes. And i noticed that with these caterpillars, these moths, which must have lived there for years in a city park with permanent Light Pollution in some east. I thought i could just collect them, raise them, and test how much the adult months are attracted by light, video, locksmith and formalist. With experiments in 2006 altamont pioneered research into urban evolution, he released the mouth in a darkened room. The next morning he counted how many had flown into the light trying to keep it on the ruffles showed a difference about 20 percent fewer urban lots had flown into the trap hall station around working on saturday. But all started i was very surprised. It was widely known that matson retracted by lights some more than others sheet about him. These differences have always been observed between different species in the whole scene, variations within a single species that weve never seen before. Often they experiment clearly demonstrated and hereditary adaptation to life in the city. Direct proof of, of an evolution. For dont biologist men oh, shall 1000 to findings confirm a larger picture in amsterdam. He and his group of citizens, scientists debate whether we might soon observe even more and greater adaptations of animals and plants to the city. Ready ready we see that evolutionary processes are starting which will eventually or who eventually produce new theses that are specialized on living in the 50 nano. Shell thompson, its not ish, but when every organism that lives in the city will show this urban evolution, these rapid changes in their behavior, in their physiology, in their appearances, to optimize their life in an urban environment. But wont elements of urban landscapes, prompt wildlife to adapt evolutionary biologists. Jason monkeys, south is an expert on animals found in the parks of new york. For years, he has been studying how rodents adapt to the city. Along with human immigrants from europe, rats also voyage to the new world. Today they roamed the city and subway tunnels most native wrote in species, however, dom dan, trying to unlock crossing town. This distinction sparked the scientists interest. I used to be a tropical biologist, but then i moved to new york city for my 1st academic job after graduate school and i decided i wanted to do some local work that would be interesting to the people of new york city and to my eyes out and i, i found out that there was a small mammal living in the sense, the islands of boris and video. But thats interesting. Nobodys really ever looked at these. Are they becoming jagged, different from mice outside the city or they had thing thats out all started central park opened in 873. Its still hosts animal species that lived here long before the city was built right now were in the middle of central park. Were going to be traveling to the north end of the park where theres a very nice for, its called the northwood. And there will be setting out traps hopefully to capture white put in my one of the things that inspired me when i 1st started this work is if you look at a new york city, subway map, you see the subway lines. But then there are these large green shapes, rectangles and overalls, and so forth that are the, the park lands. And they put those on the map so you know where they are. But you also see that they are almost like a chain of islands that are scattered in the sea of concrete and roads and buildings, and 8 and a half 1000000 people. So in a sense, if its a species like a mouse that cant leave the 4th cross neighborhoods and buildings and roads and make it to the other patch. It is essentially the same biologically as if they were on an island in terms of them not being able to move and spread their genes with the other patches. And these urban patches, once they become sufficiently isolated, operate like a mini galapagos and may be driving the evolution of many species that are stuck there. Now, the evolutionary biologists investigating whether the white footed mice actually develop indistinct ways in each of the various palms. That would be a really nice spot for white for my they like to move next to log. So theyre not completely out in the open. They might actually even be living inside this log where its rotting or in holes underneath the log. So this is pretty much the ideal spot. This forest is encircled by the big apple. Had the mice already adapted to this unique environment . What traits do they need to survive here . Ah, no shortage of good trapping spots. Later ill be going to one of our more suburban, almost rural sites with the larger, more intact forests, less urban zation. And ill be setting out, you know, an equal number of traps. So the hope that we catch mice there as well. Jason mankey south will search within the animals genetic codes for the marcus of life in the big city. Oh, i think whats been most interesting to me is thinking about how the things that we are all doing in our daily lives, where we put our garbage. What were choosing to eat, and what we generate is ways where we choose to live, how we choose to go to work, or how to restaurant or something. All of these things were doing are now influencing other species in a way that were just starting to understand it. But its not only animals that adapt to human intervention in the natural world. Plans to the same. In southern france, the yellow flowered crap. His sanctum is being studied by biologist pierre only via shipped to dip you so does the news crept this santa is a very common species in the mediterranean regions, a kind of mediterranean dandelion from the same family from you. And its essential advantage as a model is that it produces 2 types of seeds would read the large ones and small ones and dig. Also, the small wild flower produces both like to see with parachutes, allowing them to glide and heavy, a seeds that simply fall to the ground measurement of us. Oh, im interested in the process of adaptation to an urban environment. And in particular, what happens when a species 1st arrives in the city . It is recently colonized certain areas of mold, pitying in my comparison between rural urban populations this i focus on the traits related to seeds. Lee, thank you again. The idea of studying the adaptation of the plant to the city came to ship to almost by chance. When he came back from abroad, he noticed the inconspicuous flowers growing in the city, aid of japan, moiety nija. I left montreal in the middle of a blizzard dodge. I took the plain for paris. I even then i took the bus to downtown montpelier, where it was sunny with a Clear Blue Sky is all of young also. And then i noticed there were crap as sunk to flowers everywhere, and those tiny urban patches. And suddenly it struck me that there was something to figure out here, demila, but i didnt yet know exactly what miss lucy youngs weak. Because actually the crap his sank to thrives in rural areas and not in the asphalt deserts of the city. Let me not ignore the predominant component in cities, especially in european cities, is concrete. Its urine concrete exerts a powerful, fragmenting force on the habitats of plants, the police. They have to survive in many by a tow facility only puts a beat up. Sometimes the cities constraints on a plans habitat can be extreme. How will evolution respond . Also schema domestic. Im looking at how urban fragmentation will modify the dispersal traits of the species his best. I expect plants that produce more of the larger seeds will be more successful at reproduction in urban areas than they would be in the open country. Oh, the heaviest seeds are less likely to be swept onto the asphalt. And indeed, the biologists discovered that far more plants in the city produced the heavier seeds and are thus better able to survive a difference of 15 percent. But what stands out most is the speed of this adaptation. Infected and were sure the avalanche and weve seen has taken about 15 years. So this is extremely brief. It was the 1st demonstration of such a rapid evolution of sea traits for plants. And this is due to the highly fragmented composition of the urban environment, a genetic changes occurring at such a rate of long been considered unlikely even impossible by science or i think i would have been amazed by the, the fastness, by which these changes take place. He was, it was sort of underestimating the power of Natural Selection himself. He said that you never see any of these changes in progress. You cannot actually observed that. You can only deduce them from the fulfills from the patterns that you see in nature. You said that the venetian is too slow to see it happening in real time and effect that now today, especially in cities, we see these changes taking place under our eyes in the streets where we live right around us. I think darwin would have been thrilled. But what if man made pollutants substantially distort the bio chemistry of organisms. In the 1970s, the water New Bedford Harbor, the boston, was severely polluted with p. C. Bs. The u. S. Environmental protection agency. Wanted to know just how bad the pollution really was. The original focus was on what must be wrong with all the fish that live in that harbor because of the toxic chemicals. Instead, we came here looking, trying to understand what must be right about those fish that could survive here. Mm. So theyve become a natural experiment for us to study how animals can adapt to toxic human made pollutants. Terrific, just what were looking for. Lets get him into a net. Bring him back to the lab. Diane, not, she had the Environmental Protection agency lab in narragansett, rhode island in that reading facility. The scientists want to unravel the mechanism that allows this population of kili fish species to survive in the p. C. B polluted water of new bedford hava. So lets see if they left any eggs flora, they planned to compare eggs from the new bedford hob, a fish with those of a fish population from a clean a site. Oh, lets start a test and see what they do when we expose them to chemical. These killy fish species that cause all along the north American Atlantic coast to killy. Fish has been a favorite of biology literally for centuries at they are quite common. They are non migratory, so they reflect their local environments. And each population is unique in that it is genetically different. It is adapted to its local environment. So it gives us opportunity for lots of studies. The researchers need to observe the development of the fish embryos in the ag, in order to understand at which stages the environmental talks and disrupt the animals, biochemistry or not. Ah, so well look at the rate at which the embryo is developed and certain features that we know that p c. Bees can disturb, like a Proper Development of the heart. Evidence of Proper Development of the circulatory system and proper body side. Mm. Why, of these particular fish able to resist deadly in her mental talk sense . What are the factors that allow individual species to adapt to the city . All parallel developments taking place in cities wild white. At the university of toronto, mississauga, evolutionary biologist, mark johnson, pursues these questions in a lot of ways, you can think of cities as one of the largest unplanned experiments of all time. The problem is, is theres very few organisms where you could study annotation to urban environments. On a global scale and white clover is one of those very few organisms where you can actually do that. So now this then becomes the model to understand whether organisms in general can adapt to the convergent environmental changes. So she was cities throughout the world. Research is across the globe by working together in this study, evolutionary biologist, stephan guyana, and his team are collecting the white clover in berlin. In cities, the plant face is a different habitat temperatures a higher than in the suburbs, and the countryside was one avenue in con is. And what you can expect is that as humans creates new environmental conditions mindful adapt. And to be able to showed up on a global scale, thats a real scientific benefit. And that is why were dedicating a free time to this project runs on, filed them as they proceed from the countryside to the city center of berlin, ghana and his team collect specimens at 35 locations. This gives them a sufficiently broad range of data to compare with that of other global cit is they find to have final samples at the foot of the Television Tower spot. Thats it all done in all we have a 168 cities right now and over 250. 00 collaborators all working on the same project together. Theres never been a collaborative project on evolutionary biology of this scale. And so this is the largest collaborative project in evolutionary biology ever. So is clover developing in the same way all over the world, into a kind of global city, clover, from the vast set of data, the research is hope to find an answer. Oh, in the grounds of a Research Institute knowles, of new york geneticist, jason mankey south wants to catch white footed mice to compare that dna with that of those in the city. But its not easy. Ready okay, ah ah, so this is a trap that was opened, it didnt catch anything. Obviously thats a toad that it was a map day for me while i think youre really surprised that almost every park was different from every other park. Its almost to the point where you could take a mouse from one park, give it to our lab, and we could just look at a small segment of his genome and tell you where its it came from. Thats how much they had changed just randomly over time from being isolated. And thats when we started our current studies looking at, you know, over 20000 genes to see what genes and potentially what functions change when they adapt to living in, inside of new york city. Ah, theres one 1st whites of the mouse of the day with a new study, jason mankey south and his team. Ive already caught more than 100. 00 mice and analyze that genetic compositions. They try to take their samples as gently as possible, so as not to have the animals when we take a jag sample, in this case we will be using this small tool. Its like a paper punched, but for tissue. And we store that for genetic analysis, and we want to be able to tie that tissue sample to a location because thats important for understanding how they vary when theyre in a more urban or less urban population. So now theyre pretty m. Oh, well, this is a male, this young male i why dont we say that your punch will start on the other one half isnt suitable for comprehensive genetic analysis. So the researchers take a tissue sample from the ear. Ah, yeah, you got something. After collecting the samples and some measurements of the scientists release, the mice. Genetic analysis can reveal the evolutionary trajectories of the mice. There we go. They point to a variety of physical and Behavioral Changes spreading among the animals. Each of them unique to the challenges of each city park environment. So were starting to fill in our gradient really nicely. Ok, so here the my c as today from the color center. And you can see its right in between highly urbanized new york city and then all these sites we have up here and what out here. So central park seems to be our most distinct population. To date. It makes sense. Yeah, yeah. Most urban, probably the most isolated. So if you took a mouse from central park, some of its genes will be different from a mouse outside in the countryside, in a big park, some white. So for this one, particularly the food supply and central park on much of a human food waste might have triggered a genetic response in the city near federal park. One to get what weve learned so far is that one set of genes that are changing in the city have to do with metabolism. So these white food of mice are eating things and they have to digest them and assimilate the nutrients. And we know its evolution because a heritable change in dna sequences. Evolution central pock my seem to have genetically altered their metabolism to better digest fast food, and raises several like broader questions about what we are doing as a species. As we modify the earth habitat for our needs, how are we changing the future of other species . Not only are affecting them, but were changing what they will become in the future. Ah, narragansett. Diane nazi and her team are investigating how the different fish embryos exposed to the toxic p. C. B s has developed high going really well. So this is the study thats comparing court and creek and New Bedford Harbor experts to pcb 126. 00. So this one is the group that was treated with p cds and also from the clean site creek. And as you can see that you have had a pretty dramatic effect on the development, which is what we expect with these very toxic chemicals. Yeah, and in my experience when i see this, this constellation of anomalies, its absolutely lethal. Theres no way that an animal would even hatch, nevermind, survive after hatching. If the heart is not functional and the blood is essentially not circulating around the body. So lets take a look at that biochemical end point to see if they are also responsive. Ok, at the biochemical level, using a special contrast agent, the scientists can trace enzyme activity in the hatched fash. So you can see that the, the substrate is flora thing in the bladder showing that this enzyme system is working and were, were getting the expected metabolites of water. Thats a very dramatic demonstration of enzyme activity in a living organism. In the active enzyme in the fish embryo reveal called the organism tries to break down the thompson, but perishes in the pro chance. Then a team observes how the offspring of the fish from New Bedford Harbor have developed. Ok, so these are fish from New Bedford Harbor that were exposed to the same level of pcb that we were just looking at. As you can see, this embryo doesnt seem to have any effect. The heart is still beating normally and healthy, and its developed really well. Now, looks like an embryo thats about ready to hatch. Some of them actually already patch these fish should be dead poisoned by one of the most lethal environmental toxins. But life it seems, has found away one thing we know about this class of chemicals is that in all vertebrates cleaning people, the, it turns on a certain enzyme pathway. So normally responsive person, or in this case of fish, should have that enzyme system turned on. If they were exposed to p c b, the contrast enhanced image shows how the n times that normally respond to the toxin remain silent. So in this case, i see very little thats glowing brightly. It is a dramatic visual difference that suggests that that enzyme system is broken in the new bedford fish. The killing fish from New Bedford Harbor have changed their metabolism. The poisoned can longer honda, but which genetic modifications lead to the fishes toxin resistance . Thats why geneticist ma com of the woods whole Oceanographic Institute wants to find out could this be a key to understanding how nature might resist human interference. Ready in that of oratory, he uses the crisper cast method. Its an incredibly powerful way to modify the genetics of an experimental fish like this to ask questions about the roles of certain genes. And in fact, the roles of even single amino acids in the protein can be investigated with this. Chris casmer to test their assumptions about the resist and kelly fish market and his team experiment with that profession. I want to find out exactly what are the changes in those genes and to be able to actually 0 in on the specific molecular changes that are responsible for the resistance. And to be able to recreate that in the laboratory, to actually prove that thats the mechanism of resistance. Bear inserting portions of dna, taken from the resistant killing fish into embryos of that pro fish mine you, you good. Which ones are the injecting a p exxon to now con and his colleague lou are using the most up to date genetic engineering techniques. Here we are interested to city a function of the gene on that a p. So we are trying to delete this gene in this particular species and then played to steady. Whats the functional . And whether that will alter that system to p c. B, in with these experiments, find his venturing deep into the source code of creation. The scientists believe this research could yield the secret of lifes ability to adapt to the most extra conditions. And this knowledge could also help other creatures to adapt and survive in a rapidly changing world. Ah, i think we will understand the extent to which we can extrapolate our knowledge from the killy fish system out beyond to other fish and even other vertebrates. So a broader understanding of the toxicology of pollutants and how that will impact the natural world. How we can understand what will be the most vulnerable species the Max Planck Institute in potsdam, the Research Team processes the clover samples from berlin. Theyre going to find cyanide clever plants that produce cyanide, a better protected against predators, but are less able to tolerate cold. Its warmer in city centers. So this clover might be more common that this isnt a glass, is a qualitative test yet by isnt, i mean we used to indirectly detect a specific gene that generates the cyanide does come at your different office. When you look like theyre both rural now and institute of g, yet theyre both still role dyna and his team send their results and other clovers specimens to mark johnson in his toronto lam. Hey, hows it going . Good. Yeah. How did that extractions of this . You know . Yeah, so remind me this is berlin. An buenos aris. The team prepares the clover for gene sequencing, but the cyanide values taken by the team in germany show whether the clover has adapted to an up and existence already. Okay, peter, did we get the data from berlin . Yes. With the screen here it is so great. Thank james. Have you had a chance to look at the data from berlin . So we can understand how the environments changing from downtown berlin through the suburbs and into the rural areas. We got it. All right, so lets take a look at so berlins one of the, the cities where we see why clover adapting to urban real gradients. Yeah, nice and so now were at about 33 percent of cities where why clover adapts. Yeah. But yeah, fair enough about that. Okay. So then next i think what were gonna have to do is figure out what are the drivers, the environmental drivers of this adaptation. So thats really cool. In berlin plans from the city center, a more likely to produce cyanide, as is the case in a 3rd of the cities surveyed so far an indication of parallel evolution. Mm. Some of the preliminary insights are, are fascinating. So it really looks like, regardless of where you are in the world, whether youre in europe, north america, japan, china, australia, new zealand. We see the ability for this humble white clover to death to these cities in the womb that the city sinai producing clover stance a better chance of survival. Oh, but to survive in a city in organisms must adapt to higher temperatures. What scientists, school heat islands are in cities, humans and their machinery creates a lot of heat. And so you have a bubble of hot air in large cities in a city of more than a 1000000 people can be 78 Degrees South celsius halter in the center. Of the city than outside of the city. This men, oh shoot, 1000 believe also influences the evolution of the white lip snail. National is coming many shades from brown to pale yellow. A single gene determines the color. So they can basically carry their genes on their back. The shelf color determine the internal temperature of the sale to stomach. The difference in temperature inside can be 2 degrees under the same conditions and that could be just the difference between life or death on a hot summer day. And, you know, it was 40 degrees in amsterdam a few weeks ago. It could be that some of these yellow snails survived, but many of the brown ones died because they got to help they overheated and they died. But well, the statistics support this hypothesis so the plan is now to, to just add some data to the dataset. So lets go in order to collect and evaluate as many snails as possible throughout europe. Meadow shield housing is helped by volunteers. You know, you dont have to go through the call. I forgot to study evolution or become a part paleontologist. Its happening everywhere all the time. Its a continuous, very normal biological process. The group only find the fuse nails, but even empty. Now shells can also provide data that photographed and added to the database with an app that anyone can install on their mobile phone. Ah, if were looking at the adaptations of urban animals and plans to the urban heat island, which of course is happening has been happening more rapidly than Global Climate change. We can probably predict whats going to happen globally in response to Climate Change. Nice ation and Climate Change pose a threat to all plant and animal species including the Monarch Butterfly which gather in millions in the forests of mexico. Every october, theyve completed a 5000 kilometer journey to their Winter Quarters and increasingly perilous odyssey for the insects lindsey miles studies the butterflies in toronto. Monarch butterflies are these really great insect. Unfortunately, right now theyre in decline. The in the united states, theyve experience 80 percent population decline in this Industrial Area of toronto, monarch butterflies take a rest stop before flying home. They also take the opportunity to mate and reproduce. Really vague caterpillar. This is an let that baby monarch. This ones probably a day or 2 away from that going into its chrysalis and then becoming a Monarch Butterfly. Its really cool. One other species had the ability to switch to other food sources. Monarch butterflies remain dependent on a single plant. Oh, i got one. Lets check it out. We found a monarch. Ah, the butterflies lay the eggs on the milkweed that caterpillars feet exclusively on this plant. At a many cities the land on which milkweed can grow is disappearing. Oh, unfortunately, a lot of these cities are providing these barriers. They just dont have the resources that they need. And so it would basically be if youre driving along the road and you dont have any fuel stations and you run out a gas, youre stuck there. Not whats happening with these butterflies. Not all species can adapt as our cities continue to expand, accommodating wildlife might be crucial how we shape our cities in the future may prove decisive for the course of life on earth. Ringback why the diversity helps us with the food that we eat . It helps with the air that we breathe. So if we continue along the path that we have many different populations, including human populations, will start to cry. The urban evolution can help us design green cities in a way that humans become more urban. We have the potential to allow some seats to live in a city and adapt to our cities, but then put less pressure on the other habitat which will allow you know, the species a cancer 5 in the city to continue to threaten the were going to see more and more of the realization that we are part of nature and that is actually probably going to help us survive. I me ah, over the ah, whats making the headlines and whats behind them . Dw, news africa. The show that the issues shaping the continent. Life is slowly getting back to normally on the street to give you enough reports on the inside. Our cars funds is on the ground reporting from across the continent, all the trend stuff, the mazda you in 30 minutes on d. W. O. People in trucks injured when trying to see the city center more and more refugees are being turned away at the border families. Planes on the taxi, syria, to the credit on its way located demonstrate people fleeing extreme ground. Ross getting 200 people from the agency around the world. More than 300000000 people are seeking refuge. Ask why . Because no one should have to flee. Make up your own mind. D. W. Made for mines. Ah ah, this is news live from berlin, the United Nations chief goes to church to oversee ukrainian grain shipments. Tony quoterush visits the facility coordinating exports during russias war. He says more is needed to bring down world food prices also coming up, explosions, rock, mogadishu, militants lay siege to a hotel
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