For the plant ah ah. Busy in a lot of ways you can think of cities as. Busy one of the largest unplanned experiments of all time. Busy mm that these are places we call them extreme habitats really. There are places where there is a lot of opportunity and at the same time, theres also challenges as all cities. Sprint, how will nature respond . Well, plants and animals dwindle. Will they adapt to up in life and what kind of new interactions will we see in this city . In the historic french town of, ill be biologist frederick song to keep an eye on his catfish. In 1983 fishermen released these Eastern European fish into the river time to day there at the top of the rivers food chain. When you seduce this machine on top of this is the fascinating species because we know so little about them. There are many myths that people believe even that they eat dogs. There are many stories like this yank or you could just walk. The biologist is interested in the behavior of the large fish that circled the reservoir basins on fennel ne, to contact it. But we work with fishermen to tag the fish and holla, they contacted us after observing very strange behavior in the fish here salvage the conflict among its harsh c. Ill be the man my landscape at the city, fosters new encounters between species. Lee, buell ease litigious. Have never had to face predators from the water level gallant 8th. Instead they scanned the sky for birds of prey, egan, you see the pigeons approached the water to bathe and drink. Sometimes about mrs. The narrow strip of safe ground and touches down in open water. And with your, the catfish dont really see the page and some fit, but once they sense the Birds Movement in the water with their barble silly fuel, then they strike. I should author, ah, scientists observed the catfish his new hunting tactic for the 1st time in 2010. Here in abbey, pigeons are no longer safe on the water. The city is bringing together new predators and pray ah, for some catfish here, pigeons now account for up to 40 per cent of their prey. Theyre suddenly this ecological interaction, which allows for evolution to start to improve the bird catching ability of the catfish and also to improve the escape ability of the pension. So you can expect that all these new interactions are also causing new evolutionary dynamic dont, evolutionary biologist, minnow. Shell 1000 researches the adaptation of wildlife to the city. Darwins theory he believes has gone up and ah, ebony pollution is evolutionary change. So really genetic change in wild animals and plants in cities. Its all about understanding how species will be able to survive in this very human dominated context. Cities, a homo sapiens, most extreme intervention in nature with concrete and steel. We create new landscapes and alter the face of the of. Ready already, most people live in cities rather than in the countryside. How does this influence evolution, the development of new species . What selection pressures does the city create . A summer evening in the dodge capital amsterdam in the farm dell park in the center of the city biologist, men oh, shoot. Hows him . Uses a light trap to catch insects. Oh ah. Hes leading a Citizen Science project to explore urban nature. O. 4 insects. And for some smaller plans, the diversity today in cities seems to be higher than in intensively managed agricultural areas. Today. Agricultural land is so intensively managed and every last bit of production is squeezed out of every square meter of surface area that theres no space for nature anymore in the countryside. And at the same time, cities get more, they get greener, people pay more attention to nature and to and to urban nature. So its actually becoming very rich environment with, with a higher by diversity than outside of the c o n. We are rapidly losing bio diversity, both within and outside out it is for insect, the declines are particularly severe. Ah, in this way sounds me a zurich, scientific, fully an ultimate set up his light trust. Ever since humans began to light up the night, millions of nocturnal insects have been dying off every year. And its all species like this. Being attracted by light is problematic, because then its confused. The few short days it has is a month to lags. Come. Light pollution is one of the major trends to months. Scientists are even going, is found to describe it as an insect apocalypse. Thank you. Yes, i think for the clients we are seeing now are already quite worried. The studies show a 60 to 80 percent decline and biomass. How do i sometimes even in nature reserves that these are incredibly large numbers. Obviously its all in my childhood. They used to observe must select from the colman, i would set up this trap next to my parents house and attract months actually quite large numbers. But today i would probably not find many of them help. Often i stopped to his solemn thought with the choice of miss mcgee living, but might in fact be capable of adapting to life in the perpetual night of our it is slowly an alternate. Wanted to find out his test, subject the spindle, and in most whose caterpillars develop on the european spindle tree. Not of what i actually was a coincidence. While i was working on my ph. D thesis. Every day i walked through a park that had these european spindle bushes. And i noticed that with these caterpillars, these moths, which must have lived there for years in a city park with permanent slight pollution in some east. And i thought i could just collect them, raise them, and test how much the adult months are attracted by light, video, locksmith and formalist. With experiments in 2006 altamont pioneered research into urban evolution, he released the mouth in a darkened room. The next morning he counted how many had flown into the light on the russells showed a difference about 20 percent fewer urban lots had flown into the trap hall station around working on saturday, but all started, i was very surprised. It was widely known that matson retracted by lights fillmore. Another sheet about these differences ive always been observed between different species in the whole seem variations within a single species that weve never seen before. Often, they experiment clearly demonstrated and hereditary adaptation life in the city. Direct proof of, of an evolution for dont biologist men oh, shall 1000 to findings confirm a larger picture in amsterdam. He and his group of citizen scientists debate whether we might soon observe even more and greater adaptations of animals and plants to the city. Ready ready we see that evolutionary processes are starting which will eventually or who eventually produce new theses that are specialized on living in the 50 nano. Shell thompson, its not if, but when every organism that lives in the city will show this urban evolution, these rapid changes in their behavior, in their physiology, in their appearances, to optimize their life in an urban environment. But wont ellamin suburban landscapes prompt wildlife to adapt. Evolutionary biologist, jason monkeys, south is an expert on animals found in the parks of new york. For years, he has been studying how rodents adapt to the city. Along with human immigrants from europe, rats also voyage to the new world. Today they roamed the city and subway tunnels most native wrote in species, however, dom dan, trying to unlock crossing town. This distinction sparked the scientists interest. I used to be a tropical biologist, but then i moved to new york city for my 1st academic job after graduate school and i decided i wanted to do some local work that would be interesting to the people of new york city and to my eyes out and i, i found out that there was a small mammal living in the sense the islands of forest and video. But thats interesting. Nobodys really ever looked at these. Are they becoming jagged, different from mice outside the city or they thing thats out all started central park opened in 873. Its still hosts animal species that lived here long before the city was built right now were in the middle of central park. Were going to be traveling to the north end of the park where theres a very nice for, its called the northwood and there will be setting out traps hopefully to capture white put it my one of the things that inspired me when i 1st started this work is if you look at a new york city, subway map, you see the subway lines. But then there are these large green shapes, rectangles and overalls and so forth, that are the, the park lands. And they put those on the map. So you know where they are, but you also see that they are almost like a chain of islands that are scattered in the sea of concrete and roads and buildings, and 8 and a half 1000000 people. So in a sense, if its a species like a mouse that cant leave the 4th cross neighborhoods and buildings and roads and make it to the other patch. It is essentially the same biologically as if they were on an island in terms of them not being able to move and spread their genes with the other patches. And these urban patches, once they become sufficiently isolated, operate like a mini galapagos and may be driving the evolution of many species that are, you know, stuck there. Now, the evolutionary biologists investigating whether the white footed mice actually develop indistinct ways in each of the various palms would be a really nice spot for wife and my they like to move next to log. So theyre not completely out in the open. They might actually even be living inside this log where its rotting or in holes underneath the log. So this is pretty much the ideal spot. These forest is encircled by the big apple. Have the mice already adapted to this unique environment . What traits do they need to survive here . Ah, no shortage of good trapping spots. Later ill be going to one of our more suburban, almost rural sites where the larger, more intact forests, less urban ization. And ill be setting out, you know, an equal number of traps of the hope we catch mice there as well. Jason mankey south will search within the animals genetic codes for the marcus of life in the big city. Oh, i think whats been most interesting to me is thinking about how the things that we are all doing in our daily lives, where we put our garbage, what were choosing to eat and what we generate as ways where we choose to live. How we choose to go to work or how to restaurant or something. All of these things we are doing are now influencing other species in a way that were just starting to understand it. But its not only animals that adapt to human intervention in the natural world, plans to the same in southern france, the yellow flowers crap. His sanctum is being studied by biologist pierre. Only be a ship to dippy. So does the news crept. The santa is a very common species in the mediterranean regions, a kind of mediterranean dandelion from the same family from you. And its essential advantage as a model is that it produces 2 types of seeds would read. The large ones and small ones is gonna dig. Also a small wild flower produces both light to see with parachutes, allowing them to glide and heavy, a seeds that simply fall to the ground measurement of us. Ooh, im interested in the process of adaptation to an urban environment. And in particular, what happens when a species 1st arrives in the city . It is recently colonized certain areas of montpelier. In my comparison between rural urban populations this i focus on the traits related to seeds. Lee, thank you again. The idea of studying the adaptation of the plan to the city came to ship to almost by chance. When he came back from abroad, he noticed the inconspicuous flowers growing in the city, aid of japan demoya adie nija. I left montreal in the middle of a blizzard dodge. I took the plain for paris, l u m. Then i took the bus to downtown, will kill yay where it was sunny it with a Clear Blue Sky is oh yeah, awesome. And then i noticed there were crap as sunk to flowers everywhere. And those tiny urban patches. And suddenly it struck me that there was something to figure out here for de la, but i didnt yet know exactly what made lucy on tweak. Because actually the crap is sank to thrives in rural areas and not in the asphalt deserts of the city. Lead to me, not minot, over the predominant component in cities, especially in european cities, is concrete to children. Concrete exerts a powerful, fragmenting force on the habitats of plants. Supposing they have to survive in many by a tow priscilla feudal the put is a beat up. Sometimes the cities constraints on a plans, habitat can be extreme. How will evolution respond else schema, vested of, im looking at how urban fragmentation will modify the dispersal traits of the species his best. I expect plants that produce more of the larger seeds will be more successful at reproduction in urban areas than they would be in the open country. Oh, the heaviest seeds are less likely to be swept on to the asphalt. And indeed, the biologists discovered the farm. All plants in the city produced the heavier seeds and are thus better able to survive a difference of 15 percent. But what stands out most is the speed of this adaptation. Infected and were sure the evolution weve seen has taken about 15 years. So this is extremely brief. It was the 1st demonstration of such a rapid evolution of sea traits for plants. And this is due to the highly fragmented composition of the urban environment, a genetic changes occurring at such a rate of long been considered unlikely even impossible by science or i think i would have been amazed by the, the fastest, by which these changes take place. He was, it was sort of underestimating the power of Natural Selection himself. He said that you could never see any of these changes in progress. You cannot actually observed that. You can only deduce them from the fulfills from the patterns that you see in nature. You said that the illusion is too slow to see it happening in real time and effect that now today, especially in cities, we see these changes taking place under our eyes in the streets where we live right around us. I think darwin would have been thrilled, but what if man made pollutants substantially distort the bio chemistry of organisms. In the 1970s, the water New Bedford Harbor, the boston, was severely polluted with p. C. Bs. The u. S. Environmental protection agency. Wanted to know just how bad the pollution really was. The original focus was on what must be wrong with all the fish that live in that harbor because of the toxic chemicals. Instead, we came here looking, trying to understand what must be right about those fish that could survive here. Mm. So theyve become a natural experiment for us to study how animals can adapt to toxic human made pollutants. Just what were looking for. Lets get him into a net. Bring him back to the lab, diana, she had the Environmental Protection agency lab in narragansett, rhode island in f reading facility. The scientists, one to unravel the mechanism that allows this population of kili fish species to survive in the p. C. B polluted water of new bedford hava. So lets see if they left any eggs flora. They planned to compare eggs from the new bedford hob, a fish with those of a fish population from a clean a site. Oh, lets start a test and see what they do when we expose them the chemical these killy fish species occurs all along the north American Atlantic coast to killy. Fish has been a favorite of biology literally for centuries at they are quite common. They are non migratory, so they reflect their local environments. And each population is unique in that it is genetically different. It is adapted to its local environment. So it gives us opportunity for lots of studies. The researchers need to observe the development of the fish embryos in the egg in order to understand at which stages the environmental talks and disrupt the animals, biochemistry or not. Ah. Ready so well look at the rate at which the embryo is developed and certain features that we know that p c. These can disturb, like a Proper Development of the heart. Evidence of Proper Development of the circulatory system and proper body side. Mm. Why, of these particular fish able to resist deadly in her mental talk sense . What are the factors that allow individual species to adapt to the city . All parallel developments taking place in cities wild white. At the university of toronto, mississauga, evolutionary biologist, mark johnson, pursues these questions in a lot of ways, you can think of cities as one of the largest unplanned experiments of all time. The problem is, is theres very few organisms where you could study annotation to urban environments. On a global scale and white clover is one of those very few organisms where you can actually do that. So now this then becomes the model to understand whether organisms in general can adapt to the convergent environmental change. So she was cities throughout the world. Research is across the globe by walking together in this study, evolutionary biologist, stephan guyana, and his team are collecting the white clover in berlin. In cities, the plant face is a different habitat, temperatures a higher than in the suburbs, and the countryside was one avenue in con is. And what you can expect is that as humans creates new environmental conditions mindful adapt. And to be able to show that on a global scale, thats a real scientific benefit. And that is why were dedicating a free time to this project. Fewer than filed them as they proceed from the countryside to the city center of berlin, ghana and his team collect specimens at 35 locations. This gives them a sufficiently broad range of data to compare with that of other global cit is they find to have final samples at the foot of the Television Tower spots. Thats it all done in all we have a 168 cities right now and over 250. 00 collaborators all working on the same project together. Theres never been a collaborative project on evolutionary biology of this scale. And so this is the largest collaborative project in evolutionary biology ever. So is clover developing in the same way all over the world, into a kind of global city, clover. From the vast set of data, the research is hoped to find an answer. In the grounds of a research institute, north of new york, geneticist, jason munchies south wants to catch white footed mice to compare that dna with that of those in the city. But its not easy. Okay. Ah, ah, so this is a trap that was opened. It didnt catch anything. Obviously thats a toad. If it was a map day for wildlife, youre really surprised that almost every park was different from every other park. Its always to the point where you could take a mouse from one park, give it to our lab, and we could just look at a small segment of his genome and tell you where its it came from. Thats how much they had changed just randomly over time from being isolated. And thats when we started our current studies looking at, you know, over 20000 genes to see what genes and potentially what functions change when they adapt to living in, inside of new york city. Ah, theres one 1st white for the math of the day. With a new study, jason mankey, south and east team. Ive already caught more than 100. 00 mice. And to analyze that genetic compositions, they try to take their samples as gently as possible, so as not to ha, the animals. Mm hm. We take a jag sample. In this case, we will using this small tool. Its like a paper punched, but for tissue. And i, we store that for genetic analysis and we want to be able to tie that tissue sample to a location because thats important for understanding how they vary when theyre in a more urban or less urban population. So now theyre pretty m o, well this is a male. This young male i why dont we take the air punch and well start on the other one had isnt suitable for comprehensive genetic analysis. So the research is take a tissue sample from the ear. Ah, yeah, you got something. After collecting the samples and some measurements of the scientists release, the mice. Genetic analysis can reveal the evolutionary trajectories of the mice. There we go. They point to a variety of physical and Behavioral Changes spreading among the animals. Each of them unique to the challenges of each city park environment. So were starting to fill in our gradient really nicely. Im so here the my c as today from the caller center. And you can see its right in between highly urbanized new york city and then all these sites we have up here and one out here. So central park seems to be our most distinct population. Me to date. It makes sense. Yeah, yeah. Most urban, probably the most isolated. So if you took a mouse from central park, some of its genes will be different from a mouse outside in the countryside, in a big park some way. So for this one, particularly the food supply in central park and much of it, human food waste might have triggered a genetic response in the city near central park. What weve learned so far is that one set of genes that are changing in the city have to do with metabolism. So these why food of mice are eating things and they have to digest them and assimilate the nutrients. And we know its evolution because a heritable change in dna sequences. Evolution central pock my seem to have genetically altered their metabolism to better digest fast food and raise a several like broader questions about what we are doing as a species. As we modify the earth habitat for our needs, how are we changing the future of other species . Not only were affecting them, but were changing what they will become in the future. Ah, never again said diane, nancy and her team are investigating how the different fish embryos exposed to the toxic p. C. Bees have developed high going really well. So this is the study thats comparing for creek and New Bedford Harbor experts to pcb 126. 00. So this one is the group that was treated with pcb and also from the clean site sport and creek. And as you can see that you have had a pretty dramatic effect on the development, which is what we expect with these very toxic chemicals. Yeah, and in my experience when i see this, this constellation of anomalies, its absolutely lethal. Theres no way that an animal would even hatch, nevermind, survive after hatching. If the heart is not functional and the blood is essentially not circulating around the body. So lets take a look at that biochemical end point to see if they are also responsive. Ok, at the biochemical level, using a special contrast agent. The scientists can trace enzyme activity in the on hatched fish. So you can see that the, the substrate is flora thing in the bladder showing that this enzyme system is working and were, were getting the expected metabolites of water. Thats a very dramatic demonstration of enzyme activity in a living organism. And the active enzymes in the fish embryo reveal how the organism tries to break down the thompson, but perishes in the process. Then the team observes how the offspring of the fish from New Bedford Harbor have developed. Ok, so these are fish from new bedford, harvard that were exposed to the same level of pcb that we were just looking at. As you can see, what this embryo doesnt seem to have any effect, the heart is still beating normally and healthy, and its developed really well. Now, looks like an embryo thats about ready to hatch. Some of them actually already patch these fish should be dead poisoned by one of the most lethal environmental toxins. But life it seems, has found away one thing we know about this class of chemicals is that in on vertebrates, clothing people the, it turns on a certain enzyme pathway. So a normally responsive person, or in this case of fish, should have that enzyme system turned on if they were exposed to p c b. The contrast enhanced image shows how the n times that normally respond to the toxin remain silent. So in this case, i see very little thats glowing brightly, is a dramatic visual difference that suggests that that enzyme system is broken in the new bedford fish. The killing fish from New Bedford Harbor have changed their metabolism. The poison can no longer hamden, but which genetic modifications lead to the fishes tocsin resistance. Thats what geneticist more common of the woods whole Oceanographic Institute wants to find out. Could this be a key to understanding how nature might resist human interference in that of oratory . He uses the crisper cast method. Its an incredibly powerful way to modify the genetics of an experimental fish like this to ask questions about the roles of certain genes. And in fact, the roles of even single amino acids in the protein can be investigated with this chris per casmer to task receptions about the resistant kelly fish market and his team experiment with that profession. I want to find out exactly what are the changes in those genes and to be able to actually 0 in on the specific molecular changes that are responsible for the resistance. And to be able to recreate that in the laboratory, to actually prove that thats the mechanism of resistance. Where inserting portions of dna taken from the resistant killing fish into embryos of that pro fish. Are you good . Which ones are the injecting a p exxon to com and his colleague neil neutral are using the most up to date genetic engineering techniques. Here we are interested to city a function of the g known as a p. So we are trying to delete this gene in this particular species and then try to steady. Whats the function of whether that will alter that system to p c. B. In with these experiments, scientists venturing deep into the source code of creation. Scientists believe this research could yield the secret of lifes ability to adapt to the most extra in conditions. And this knowledge could also help other creatures to adapt and survive in a rapidly changing world. Ah, i think we will understand the extent to which we can extrapolate our knowledge from the kill a fish system out beyond to other fish and even other vertebrates. So a broader understanding of the toxicology of pollutants and how that will impact the natural world. How we can understand what will be the most vulnerable species at the Max Planck Institute in potsdam, the Research Team processes the clover samples from berlin. Theyre going to find cyanide clever plants that produce cyanide, a better protected against predators, but are less able to tolerate cold. Its warmer in city centers. So this clover might be more common that this isnt a glass, is a qualitative test yet by isnt, i mean, we use it to indirectly detect a specific gene that generates the cyanide does come out your Different Office . No, you look like theyre both rural allowances. You would have to do that. Yeah, theyre both still role dyna and his team send their results and other clovers specimens to mark johnson in his toronto lam. Hey, hows it going . Good. The how did that extractions of yesterday . Yeah, so remind me this is berlin and buenos aris. The team prepares the clover for gene sequencing, but the cyanide values taken by the team and germany show whether the clover has adapted to an up and existence already. Okay, beta did we, we get the data from berlin. Yes. With the screen here it is so great. Thank james. Have you had a chance to look at the data from berlin . So we can understand how the environments changing from downtown berlin, through the suburbs and into the rural areas. Got it. All right, so lets take a look at so berlins one of the, the cities where we see white clover adapting to urban real gradients. Yeah, nice and so now were at about 33 percent of cities where y, clover adapts. Yeah. But yeah, fair enough about that. Okay. So then next i think what were gonna have to do is figure out what are the drivers, the environmental drivers of this adaptation. So thats really cool. In berlin plans from the city center, a more likely to produce cyanide, as is the case in a 3rd of the cities surveyed so far an indication of parallel evolution me. Some of the preliminary insights are fascinating. So it really looks like, regardless of where you are in the world, whether youre in europe, north america, japan, china, australia, you zealand. We see the ability for this humble white clover to death to these cities in the womb that the city sinai producing clover stands a better chance of survival. But to survive in the city in organisms must adapt to higher temperatures. What scientists school heat islands full. Mm. In cities, humans and their machinery creates a lot of heat. And so you have a mumble of health air. In large cities, in a city of more than a 1000000 people can be 78 Degrees South celsius halter in the center of the city than outside of the city. This memo show, carson believes also influences the evolution of the white lipped snail. Nationals coming many shades from brown to pale yellow. A single gene determines the color. So they basically carry their genes on their back. The shell color determine the internal temperature of the sale to somebody. The difference in temperature inside can be 2 degrees. Under the same conditions and that could be just the difference between life or death on a hot summer day. And you know, it was 40 degrees in amsterdam a few weeks ago. It could be that some of these yellow snails survived, but many of the brown ones died because they got to help they overheated and they died. But well, the statistics support this hypothesis so the plan is now to to just add some data to the data set. So lets go in order to collect and evaluate as many smiles as possible throughout europe memo shield housing is helped by volunteers. You know, you dont have to go through to come up or go to study evolution or be come apart. Paleontologist is happening everywhere all the time. Its a continuous, very normal biological process. The group only find the few snails but even empties. Now shells can also provide data that photographed and added to the database with an app that anyone can install on their mobile phone. Ah, if were looking at the adaptations of urban animals and plans to the urban heat islands, which of course is happening has been happening more rapidly than Global Climate change. We can probably predict whats going to happen globally in response to Climate Change. Banana zation and Climate Change pose a threat to all plant and animal species, including the Monarch Butterfly which gather in him millions in the forests of mexico. Every october, theyve completed a 5000 kilometer journey to their Winter Quarters and increasingly perilous odyssey for the insects. Lindsey miles studies the butterflies in toronto. Monarch butterflies are these really great insect. Unfortunately, right now theyre in decline. The in the united states, theyve experienced 80 percent population decline in the Industrial Area of toronto, monarch butterflies take a rest stop before flying home. They also take the opportunity to mate and reproduce really vague caterpillar, this is an let the baby monarch. This ones probably a day or 2 away from that going into its chrysalis and then becoming a Monarch Butterfly. Its really cool. One other species have the ability to switch to other food sources. Monarch butterflies remain dependent on a single plant. Oh, i got one. Lets check it out. We found a monarch. Ah, the butterflies lay the eggs on the milkweed that caterpillars feet exclusively on these plants. And in many cities, the land on which milkweed can grow is disappearing. Oh, unfortunately, a lot of these cities are providing these barriers that just dont have the resources that they need. And so it would basically be if youre driving along the road and you dont have any fuel stations and you run out of gas, youre stuck. Theyre not whats happening with these butter wise. Not all species can adapt as our cities continue to expand, accommodating wild life might be crucial how we shape our cities in the future may prove decisive for the course of life on earth. Biodiversity helps us with the food that we eat. It helps us with the air that we breathe. So if we continue along the path that we have many different populations including human populations, well start to crash. Urban evolution can help us design green cities in a darwinian way. As humans become more urban, we have the potential to, you know, allow some species live in the city and adapt to our cities. But then put less pressure on the other habitats which allow, you know, the species that cant survive in the city to continue to thrive. Mm, were going to see more and more of the realization that we are part of nature and thats is actually probably gone to help us survive. Mm mm. Mm ah, eco africa. Clean drinking water. Hard to come by. Come odyssey in the slums of ne robi, a possible solution vending machine o type. They are designed to give people access to the Precious Resource in an easier and more affordable way with everybody is becoming more africa in 30 minutes on d. W. Hunting down smugglers in south africa and there are billions to be made. Succulents are highly protected in high demand throughout europe and asia. Poaching has placed 80 percent of the species under threat of extinction. Is there any hope left for the delicate ecosystem . 390 minutes on d. W. A 15 years ago, the International Gathering of peace and cooperation becomes the scene of a horrible tragedy. Arab terrors, armed with sub machine guns, went to the headquarters of the israeli team and immediately killed one man. And that this will be the last time i saw him the night. Theyre all gone out. I witnesses experienced the terrible events and this, the world should not forget the long shadow of the 1972 olympic massacre starts september, 3rd on d, w. Ah ah ah, this is c w slide from berlin. Pakistans form of prime ministers hit with terrorism charges. Police alleged iran con, broke the law by threatening to sue officials. In his speech he gave on the weekend supporters rally outside his house, vowing to prevent police from arresting him