New England’s renewable energy mandates represent some of the most complex and costly in the entire country. While all of New England is on one electrical grid, 26 separate programs are active across the six states, with nine in Massachusetts alone. Each covers different technologies with different annual compliance requirements and costs. Entities that sell electricity retail in New England are obligated to satisfy the mandates in every state where their electricity is sold. The annual cost of Massachusetts renewable energy policies has quadrupled in 10 years, from $250 million in 2011 to $1 billion in 2020.