Jessica Flanigan argues that human challenge studies are ethical and should be used widely in both the COVID-19 and future pandemics. Human challenge studies involve intentionally exposing healthy volunteers to an infectious agent, in this case the SARS-CoV-2 virus, in a controlled environment. She argues that challenge studies would speed vaccine development, including vaccines for viral variants, and pose acceptable benefits and risks to participants. Further, she argues that prohibiting volunteers from participating in a SARS-CoV-2 challenge study is paternalistic and wrong. In my essay, I take issue with each of these claims.
First, Flanigan tells us that SARS-CoV-2 challenge studies “enable researchers to test the safety and efficacy of vaccines and other therapeutics more quickly, which has substantial public health benefits.” On these grounds she asserts that had challenge studies been permitted when they were first proposed, an effective vaccine would have been develope
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IMAGE: This animation depicts the two-stage flash configuration, one of several processes described in a new study detailing how EEMPA, a Pacific Northwest National Laboratory-developed solvent, can capture carbon from flue. view more
Credit: (Animation by Michael Perkins | Pacific Northwest National Laboratory)
RICHLAND, Wash. As part of a marathon research effort to lower the cost of carbon capture, chemists have now demonstrated a method to seize carbon dioxide (CO2) that reduces costs by 19 percent compared to current commercial technology. The new technology requires 17 percent less energy to accomplish the same task as its commercial counterparts, surpassing barriers that have kept other forms of carbon capture from widespread industrial use. And it can be easily applied in existing capture systems.
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Introduction
Tribal Colleges and Universities (TCUs) are unique among other higher education institutions, as they have a distinctive dual mission. Like institutions in other sectors, they educate students in preparation for the workforce or further education, but they also address the priorities of their tribal communities. Those priorities can include a wide range of needs such as economic development, reduction of unemployment, and the preservation of Native culture, language, and traditions (IHEP, 2007; Rainie & Stull, 2016). This unique nature of TCUs is already widely recognized by organizations across higher education, including the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Under the center’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) coding structure, which is based on Carnegie classifications, TCUs have their own distinct classification, even from other “specialized institutions.” Not even other minority-serving institutions (MSIs) are classified se