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The gray zone is the space between peace and war involving coercive actions that fall outside normal geopolitical competition between states but do not reach the level of armed conflict.. They usually seek to avoid a significant military response, though are often designed to intimidate and deter a target state by threatening further escalation. [B]ut do liberal democracies in the 21st Century have the political will to do the dirty work that is necessary to win? Western nations have multiple pre-emptive and reactive options to respond to gray zone actions directed against them or their allies, most effectively involving multilateral coordination. The objective should be to frustrate or deter, avoiding escalation that might lead to all-out conflict. Broadly, options fall into four categories: diplomatic, informational, economic and military.

Jammu and kashmirUnited statesHong kongUnited kingdomSouth china seaBrunei generalNorthern irelandJoe bidenQasim soleimaniBoris johnsonInternational criminal courtNational security strategic guidanceUnited kingdom ministry of defenseInterim national security strategicBritish prime minister boris johnsonIntegrated review