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Genes are encoded in DNA, and closely related species will often have the same genes in the same order in the genome. However, over millions of years of evolution, this shared gene order gets lost as the DNA gets broken, repaired and reshuffled.
More rarely, the gene order is “conserved” ¬- retained even between distant evolutionary relatives – if the genes encode for proteins that cooperate closely.
Previously, the oldest known cases of conserved gene order traced back to the Last Universal Common Ancestor of life, known as LUCA. LUCA was a population of cells billions of years ago that was ancestral to all cellular life. Its existence is inferred from genes that are shared across all major branches of the tree of life.
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Krems, whose splendor the Arab geographer al-Idrisi celebrated in 1153 as surpassing, in his view, that of Vienna, today resembles Vineta, the city submerged by the waters, among whose streets on the seafloor, legend has it, figures can be seen wandering about in ancient garments. A passerby emerges from a door amid the narrow passages; in the twilight, shadows step down from the tapestries into life. In Stein, even more drowsy, not far from the plaque that commemorates Köchel, to whom we owe the cataloguing of Mozart’s compositions, the pharmacist comes to life upon the rare arrival of a stranger; proudly showing him around the entire pharmacy, he vaunts the glories of Stein, not without expressing some criticism of Krems, an echo of the long-standing municipal rivalries between the two towns of the Wachau.