The oil and gas industry, particularly in transportation and production, heavily relies on pipeline systems. It is an inevitable fact that petroleum products, such as oil and gas, extracted from wells always contain solid pollutants originating from various sources like dust, sand, and hydraulic fracturing operations. During operation, solid particles carried by the fluid flow continuously impact the pipeline walls, potentially leading to significant cumulative damage over time on the surfaces of the pipeline, fittings (elbows), or production equipment, gradually removing material from these surfaces. This phenomenon is known as solid particle erosion, which can have severe consequences. In the event of a severe failure, the production process is halted, necessitating a shutdown for maintenance operations.
In recent years, numerical simulations have gained recognition as an efficient approach for studying physical mechanisms and providing support for experimental methods. They can be c