The Russian criticism focused on an interview Macron gave in which he decried the Kremlin's isolation brought on by its invasion of Ukraine more than 14 months ago.
The phone call, which officials said lasted nearly an hour, is believed to be a significant development in efforts to resolve the conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
The leak was alarming within the Pentagon that it referred the matter to the Department of Justice, which has opened a criminal investigation into the disclosure of the documents.