clear with you i have to act in ways that i feel necessary the people who simply understand. your sentiment of each different ends justify the means. to terms with versus starts december 13th on t.w. . even. by roy it's venice shouldn't really exist with its 124 islands and countless bridges from kells this city in northern italy was built in the middle of the marsh . it's proof of human or dangerousness and our ability to muster nature. show that there are many beautiful cities in the world but venice is in a class of its own property even into. every year more than
$13000000.00 tourists come to marvel at the palazzo surround the grand canal. these stately townhouses are architectural masterpieces built using techniques that are unique worldwide. then it seems to float over the water but in fact the entire city stands on a forest of wooden tiles 10000000 logs were driven into the mud contrary to all prevailing rules of urban construction. the architects of the time conquered the lagoon to build one of the world's most extraordinary cities but the water is a continual threat even today. then this is palaces withstand the danger posed by the water all will they gradually sing.
the history of the n s began more than one and a half 1000000 years ago and a large stretch of force in the northern mediterranean on the asiatic coast of italy. been occurring on the southern edge of the else is 50 kilometers long and tension on it is winds. at one time it consisted of brackish water sand and much an inhospitable place of little interest to anyone. then in the 5th century coastal inhabitants discovered the lagoon as a refuge. of the lagoon was a natural fortress it was very difficult for enemies and their sailing ships to find their way around here the only the locals knew all the channels so they didn't
have to build walls. even architectural historians like to let. you know very little about the 1st welling's built this area. that there's imagining there are just a few paintings which give us an idea of what things may have looked like on riata island sound the core of the settlement with its straw thatched wooden huts it was located on reality of the cost of the only property mother and if the 1st buildings in ancient venice were built on the most stable areas of the name mary out o. comes from alto which indicates a high location by the river with the name of the district also dura includes the word for solid the early city was built at sites like the 3 that in. those beginnings were still centuries away from the venice of palaces and bridges
we know today. the 1st one. asians lived on small islands separated by wolves and. each island had a small village with the similar structure essentially open space with houses a ground and a church in the middle. it was a live look at that explains why there are so many churches and small squares here because they were the centers of these all to micro towns and treat them all. over the centuries the small islands were linked by bridges which were often built over the water at strange angles and. in the 2nd century building space gradually became scarce. the problem could only be solved by developing new manmade areas but that was far from easy the better than
a clean consists of sediment and much crisscrossed by numerous water courses building ground that was in constant movement. in one of the israel logically speaking this is neither solid ground nor the sea the ground varies considerably on the one hand almost it is characterized by the sand which the rivers transport from the land. out in the reeds there are pizza oils have a totally different consistency so venice is built on various layers of different density and that makes for problems why do we see so many slanting church towers. because they are not standing on just one type of substrate. venice's church towel is leaning to one side but they do not topple over.
so how did architects manage to build on this difficult ground without the buildings collapsing. the secret is to be found in simple wooden posts. hundreds of thousands of them were driven into the bed of the lagoon. at depths of 3 to 8 meters below the surface architects had discovered a layer of sedimentary clay known as kind and told beneath the mud. like driving the posts into this layer of clay a stable building foundation was made possible. civil engineer dino chee morley explains the principle was the pilot would be to in order to stabilize the building substrate piles were driven into the bed in each area. if sufficient piles are used in the areas then so that with water the mud between the piles becomes compressed and thus more stable than everything outside the area that high also keep everything together and prevent the substrate from being washed out that's the
principle behind ground stabilization of the body. in this way the venetians created man made areas on which an entire city could gradually be built. because architects had discovered that the wooden piles did not cross in the mud. the poles put up underneath the buildings in the mud. that prominently in oxygen spring environment certainly none of the microbes that would normally think a wood can get into that because the wood undergoes a process of mineralization it turns rock hard and remains intact for centuries. the most famous the mission buildings were constructed on this building ground of
mud and wood. st mark's square with its bell tower stands 110-0000 foot in piles. the foundations of the realtor bridge rest on $12000.00 pounds. i'm to more than 1000000 wooden tiles were driven into the lagoon for the impressive last salute to basilica which is built of marble. there are between $8.10 wouldn't piles for square meter this entire city stands on an incredible number of the. it's rather like the opposite of a forest. here the trunk is a function like roots it is. all in all an estimated 10000000 wooden piles have been driven into the
a large proportion of what used to be the northern italian forest. predominantly oak and large chunks from the surrounding regions was shipped to the lagoon to create extremely expensive building ground. if you approach the foundation accounted for half the construction costs the other half went on the buildings themselves so the section under water was just as expensive as the part we can see. on. all of them he says 400 plots stand on these unique foundations. from the 11th century these architectural masterpieces were built on the constantly moving bed of the lagoon and the sandbags in order to build them the architects had to come up with something special because they faced several turns at once. it means
providing protection from the rising and falling some people said. designing buildings that were as light as possible. and building on a moving substrate. the solution they came up with was brilliant they placed a wooden construction on the piles and weighted down with several layers of bricks . on top of this they go to surround a white stone from istria on the adriatic it formed the 1st line of defense against the salt force. that deals with the interface between the water and that that resists an infinitely long time because it's not permeable to the salty water . the resistant strain stone is unaffected by the rise and fall of the sea horse and. the heights of this protective wall corresponded to the tidal range in this way the
water was prevented from coming into contact with the more sensitive load bearing brick wall. the good reason the palaces on the stone base were designed with a maximum of 3 floors. they understood when they were building that they couldn't make it to have a because they knew that it was all relatively stress mud into an article tattoos that still compacts and cause the subsidence. slender columns and large windows in the efforts to build with minimum weight the architects created the special venetian style and again and graceful. but despite the lightweight construction method by no means had all the challenges been overcome.
more then because the movements of the ground in the water here are so variable the buildings themselves could not be too rigid. but here to the venetians came up with clever solutions like using special regional building materials such as lawn mortar . it was used in the construction of the brick walls applied as a cement substitute it has the advantage of remaining flexible. not sure. why more is probably the most important construction material because of its adaptability so that it doesn't get as hard as cement architects always wanted to build what they wanted and how they wanted not to be restricted the materials. trying to remain flexible in the future to me of the vision done with stuff. that will subside to the flooring between the stories. they used wood which is also flexible material. another trick and should flexibility with the wall and the floor
joint. the beams were set in the walls in such a way that they could always move within them. flexible and suckle venetian buildings unlike living organisms which adapted to the vagaries of the moving substrate. today the traces of this constant death taishan of visible in many places in the form of to stores had facades here and there cracks appear inside the buildings as well. although there have been a couple of instances of subsidence some facades have become distorted and tilted slightly but not one of the venetian palaces has ever collapsed the role given.
this is architects constructed the building so well that they can even withstand the frequent earthquakes in the region. i remember my father in law telling me about when there was the earthquake in for you only in the 1970 something unfair list so the shocks of that very strongly and where we live does very big windows you know with lead holding the panes of glass and he said that the windows just moved like the sails of a boat and then came back in place not one of those little things cracked then fell out. there is a well. well in the courtyard of every plants. by developing a sophisticated system for collecting rainwater venice is brilliant architects solve the problem of the city's drinking water supply. water flowed through these
holes in the ground and into the underground chambers filled with extremely fine sand. up to see things through the sand and the clean water then rose again in a well shocked. in this way they also wanted to conduct the water from the gutters into the wells and it really was an ingenious system one unparalleled worldwide in all these wells were still in operation in venice until the early 20th century if you know the needs of . every square in the city has a well in all its architects created $900.00. by the late 15th century venice had 170000 inhabitants more than ever before this is he was in its heyday thanks to its powerful fleets of ships built in the making shipyards business dominated commerce in the mediterranean region. the
city built on water was totally in its element like a fish and. the venetians had created an architectural jewel in the north italian the good. but nature was to turn on them in a dramatic way. as a result of human interference in the green system of channels to facilitate shipping new dangers began to threaten the blossoming influential city. the earth was having a serious effect on the bed of the lagoon and the title also levels. the natural balance in the good it was under threat.
centuries later venice is still a proud and beautiful city but over the centuries the lagoon changed completely. shipping traffic and industrial utilization increase dramatically and left their marks in the course of industrialization a 1000 wells was sunk in order to access the groundwater beneath the bed of the living. in the 1950s up to 40000 cubic meters of water removed every day. civil engineer pierre tretiak teenie describes the consequences for venice these generate a. decrease of the pressure. and when the pressure of the trees in a big city mentoring the mason is these producer compaction else decide the winds and
a lowering of the land surface right now we call it subsidence land subsidence. as a result of this land subsidence venice subsided by 14 centimeters in only 30 years . after a disastrous flood and $966.00 the practice of pumping up the groundwater was discontinued. but the damage to the city is irreparable the last 14 centimeters can never be regained global warming and rising sea levels are increasing the threat and have already seen the water rise by a further 10 centimeters. in all the water is now 24 centimeters high rough on the buildings than at the time they were built and that. left visible traces of. most of the affected areas can be recognized by the green zones on the buildings this is where the water rises and falls with the time. it's not major floods that
are causing the greatest damage to the city but try to change. the look well if you so water comes and goes incessantly. with each new time to the salt water is now also reaching the bricks another fine the architect centuries old preventative measure has the ring of history in stone can no longer protect the palaces from the world. the world is always against the break and the great players have it and they're. leaving behind the souls which crystallise and as so it's crystallize they expanded the body and 12 times i'm not like it's a very kind of slow way as you can say exploding brick.
the sun towards her is also attacking the line most have between the bricks loosening them and weakening the entire building structure. to provide more stability more and more steel bearing is a being a wreck to in the city's canals. today one in 3 venetian finance is damaged and a need a friend of a ship. and that is not only the result of the daily tide change much about its are an even bigger problem they stir up the water above and below the surface. just get us out of it by the constant boat traffic is very bad for the masonry. the boats propellers churn up the water which edition. only a road to the wall. and once the masonry has been weakened. the water also impacts the foundations on the ground. and all that is in the boats are always
travelling past the building. it's the number of boats and the frequency of boat traffic that is threatening the walls. gets into any cracks in the brickwork and thracians the entire building structure it also uses the compacted earth between the piles the centuries old foundations on which the building stand in the attempt to limit the damage the city has introduced a speed limit for water taxis. to launch cruise ships which head for the digging every day are a further problem. these big 6 moves huge volumes aborter you know that's to me these principle there's still a volume within the body of this ship that gets moved and when they're in there are 2 that they've. all been through narrow the focus on the local level
rises and then goes down again with the conflict in the ship it's like a wash of water that moves within you know over tens of seconds or 0 minutes and that's very detrimental to the building foundations. subsidence of the bed the vines of the water level and the waves created by boats and ships mean that venice is trace him from all sides. the only way to save the city is valuable buildings is to drain the canals for basic restoration work but that's must be done with great care. the need to coordinate work only takes place and drain sections with a maximum length of a 50 meters. draining the canals leads to a settling of the geological layers and that can result in damage to the
neighboring towns so a canal can be drained or longer than 3 months. today more modern methods are also being applied in order to stabilize the walls chemicals are introduced into the lime more to. make prevent more sick getting into the bricks all these measures are carried out by hand and. that is why restoration work in venice is more expensive than elsewhere at present the city has no more than 2000000 euros a year available for preserving its buildings but the actual some need it is 13000000. the water to which the city owes its uniqueness and its wealth is now turning against the venetians. today one 3rd of the ground floor is in venice uninhabitable. and rising water is threatening the buildings more and more often.
global warming which is resulting in a gradual rise in the sea level will intensify this development even more. disturbing the peace venice is destined to go under that is not my predictions but that of people who deal professionally with marine and climate issues in the prediction that has been down from the un often essentially they say that the sea level should be rise by let's and between 204-050-6070 meters. the demise of venice no longer seems to be merely a pessimistic scenario. and so once again the ingenuity of italian i. architects and engineers is called for to save the city. or. the most
a project is an elaborate and expensive attempt by the italian authorities to say venice. concrete foundations weighing many tons have been sunk at all 3 looking him in let's. get in them and flood gates at high will see these can be raised as far as the balls are level requirements. there is no doubt that if it is ever completed the most a project will be an engineering masterpiece. but skeptical voices warn against euphoria. in most project is important but it's not the sole solution it's inconsistent i believe to want to protect the city from super floods without at the same time protecting it from decay or. that is why another idea is to raise the subsided bed of the lagoon and with it the entire city. what sounds like
a crazy plan was developed by researchers at the university and neighboring padua. we would turn away. on our own ass circular shape through the window the young winter of don't you know me and when just water into a deep obviously. in arkansas system that is located between 601 tower song me there you know the longhorn bolt on. raising such a huge area with an entire city on it is an ambitious enterprise which no one has ever attempted before. the plan is to pump 50 liters of salt water per 2nd thing. the wells and into the substrates over a period of 10 years researchers have calculated the bed of the lagoon could be raised by between 20 and 25 centimeters. the water level in the canals with tensing
by the same amount but the plan is not without risks you cannot do it. in a shorter time we don't want to contaminate that any any structure. and for this for me some of you have to do. a safe duck or a. raising the bed of the lagoon would recover the last $24.00 centimeters the project is still in the planning stage research is awaiting full funding for the 1st comprehensive tests. a little possible to save the masterpieces of venetian architecture from the consequences of human made problems. no one wants to see this city go under venice needs visionaries like those who built it people who will think the impossible in order to achieve something magnificent.
place. their own wells is unconscionable for their egos insatiable. their rivalry deadly. threat princes. all of whom dream of our glory. the marvel of cancers. starts november 20. evans' on t.w. . if you're.
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